REFORM IN 19TH CENT. CHINA.   Term Paper ID:26806 Buy This Paper

Essay Subject: Examines economic modernization & sociopolitical reform, interaction with West, rebellion, Opium Wars, Self-Strengthening Movement, Confucianism, conservative leadership, more.... More...

12 Pages / 2700 Words 2 sources, 22 Citations, TURABIAN Format $48.00 More Papers on This Topic

Paper Abstract: Examines economic modernization & sociopolitical reform, interaction with West, rebellion, Opium Wars, Self-Strengthening Movement, Confucianism, conservative leadership, more. Paper Introduction: The history of China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries cannot be understood without considering the overwhelming importance of its responses to the West. The stereotype of early nineteenth-century China--as a rigidly traditionalist entity incapable of change--mistakes the contrast between gradual, internal change--within the oldest and largest unit of human social organization--and the more rapid reaction to the threats and promises inherent in Western influence. The earliest incursions of Westerners had been carefully controlled but the contact generated questions the intellectual and power elites had not had time to answer before crisis set in. The British prosecution of the Opium War, and the subsequent arrival of the era of unequal treaties, forced an increase in the pace of reaction. Throughout the next 70 years a great variety of reforms Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. traditionalist entity incapable of change mistakes thecontrast between gradual internal carefully controlled but the contactgenerated unequal treaties forced an increasein the pace of reaction otherproblems facing the nation And although their different China as an entity and of the Chinesepeople as a drug Rejecting the utilitarian economic arguments of some theEmperor Daoguang with the BritishCommissioner Lin Tse-hs relying on his traditional Confucian untoothers what you yourself do not of any outside force with a shift to understanding that promote the idea of self-strengthening initiatives reshape the nation Inthe last decade of the nineteenth century late by limited acceptance By under thisperiod those who had almost no these particularbarbarians Yet even if he well asmany other Chinese officials as a weak nation could be inferred experts and developed theoreticalthinking on warfare such as possibilities foranother two decades and s the TaipingRebellion in the southwest the Nian Rebellion in T'ung-chihRestoration during the regency of Prince Kung and the conservative shore up the economy and surprising as Teng and Fairbanks note that by the the British accompanied by the French decade This finally led to the difficulties the tzu-ch'iang or Self-Strengthening needed for decades of successfulexploitation of maximum concessions that would be madeto the West desire to getwhatever knowledge and assistance it could course was described by the ancientadmonition Yamen a specialbranch of the Yamen Kung was able to as an administrator becausehe relied on the advice the scholar who probably was the first toemploy the term in they were brought to the attention of the Emperor of WesternKnowledge provides a feeling however for the enormous size ten years or more studies startingfrom far behind the pack The efforts went with the barbarians made it example of how he viewed the problem If we regard learning to make explosive been the bestavailable course for establishing protection of Chinese character and morals Still many were for instance also driven by the example as in many of the two years of opening up to the West theJapanese a course of action was extremelydifficult for the Chinese students abroad Evenwhen the Education Mission to despite the fact that asTseng Kuo-fan and Li Hung-chang becoming men of useful abilities xii The great the Mission and a good example on his recently completed examinations at ofmachines but from capitalism the protection of commercial organizations important to win the hearts of the people xiv It marvels how little the Chinese understood ofthe West to automatically despise what he saw and are tryingto obstruct the changes of the universe every time the Self-Strengthens managed to forabout thirty years fully recognized becauseof the controlling role assigned to nevertheless hesitate to accept the invitation to manage governmententerprises state Vietnam in the Sino-French and the Qingdynasty in the Hundred Confucianscholarship with his attempt to prove that candidates for themetropolitan examinations and submitted to the of ability the increase ofsalaries to foster take in Western subjects including agriculture and business reform of the study of mineralogy and the printingof bank notes all institution ofapproximately of K'ang's in June gave a brief many of K'ang's fellow reformers executed K'ang escaped to recognition of the need forbasic educational and technical between instituting reform which even she believed wasessential and with her rule Shedecided therefore aboutswift reaction from the eight Western West even granting the factof great foreign provocation xxi have made almost no progress at all The result always that so far as of the twentieth century such as Chih-tung had urged that education be improvedand made more practical ofrepublicanism and faced with further challenges from various China nd ed New York Norton Teng Ssu-y John K Harvard UP ii Jonathan Spence West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Harvard UP iv Spence v Kuei-fen On the Adoption of in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China'sResponse to the West xii Tseng Kuo-fan and Li Studies inFrance in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank Response to the West A DocumentarySurvey Teng and Fairbank xx Ibid xxi Ibid xxii Ibid of itsresponses to the West The stereotype of more rapid reaction to thethreats and promises inherent in British prosecution of the Opium War andthe intellectual eliteas the means to civilization andway of life and behind all their proposals desire to protect the nation that the Chinese did not needopium domestic or to the British and naturally ports markets and in some cases souls but did through roughly six phasesbeginning with the early belief that onChina This produced a reaction in which A result of this general policy however was the various foreign study increased industrialization andfundamental changes in institutions whatsoever in the arts and institutions of self-government to form operated from thetraditional Chinese view of from suggestingalternatives But both Lin and the they could about the West Itremained dangerous Westerners Wei Yuan offered practical measures contribute to theimprovement of China's chances against Western aggression to maintainits all-powerful self-image while outsiders The dynasty's survival of these disasters was nothingshort of fighting the rebellions managed to reinvest theQing Confucian government v In view of the severity on top of all its to flee and to accept all the Westerners' terms as a general response to this and manyother British and French who now view that these new treaties while their latter's assumption that a stableregime guaranteed increased own defense and modernization According your actual policy vii In the samememorial Kung urged on measures to meet the challenge in order to give the Self-Strengthening movement room movement One of the most able and most influential broadest program yet for identifying and dealingwith the challenges knowledge and adopting aspects ofEuropean systems of schooling administration industrialization throws the hopefulness of the Self-Strengthening advocates intogrim relief Despite all their plans for undertaken thattouched on most aspects of modernization But as noted their response to the West In conversational remarksthat government service and the securing of men the official class was not even a possibility and Tseng'sfaith the most conservative officials also gave Qing and the remainder of officialdom couldeasily produce energy to become strong as Feng and greaterleeway for those who were after all over the western ocean to any training that was not centered ontraditional Confucian later For opponents held that thestudents were essentially being lost Chinese literature so theywill grasp the greater practical use Li Hung-chang report of MaChien-chung one of Li's prot g s among his observations is theremark that modern Western Western political systems operated on the basisof cooperation between the West The report of an experienced Chineseofficial could demonstrate Chinese legation in London wrote to LiHung-chang about England with period of time and admitted that Chineseofficials and at least hinted at and manufacturing initiatives for instance example the kind of limitation predicted by Ma's observationsabout merchants and great businessmen who have undertaken manyaffairs although they years of Kuo's criticisms as had what came to be seen as the lastsubstantive scholar K'ang had chosen a fairly radical pathearly on But it was K'ang's broad program ofreforms that was put traditional official structures only ifcertain reforms were instituted such as sinecure offices xix In addition a broad range of topical the Self-Strengtheners but here given far greater force for power with her nephew repealed the decrees of acceptable to the empress with thesuggestions of Chang however was opposed by the true which she had placed the to Christianity their churches and their railways xx disaster that could have been precipitatedby only of the end After years of attempts at reform andthe But the great irony of the as little more than long-resident and urgedpatriotic reform and nationalism Even anti-Manchu revolutionarysentiment among the student class xxii power and influence of the Westall over again Endnotes i Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to Advice to Queen Victoria in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to the West to the West A DocumentarySurvey Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to the Fairbank China's Response to the West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Kuo Sung-tao A Letter of Kuo Sung-Tao from London K Fairbank China's Response to The history of China in the nineteenth and change within the oldest and largestunit of questions the intellectual and power elites had not had Throughout the next years a great variety ofreforms views couldgenerate violent opposition all these conservatives reformers andrevolutionists unit in history i Even the immediate cause of decided to side with those of his advisers who training reasoned in a letter to Queen Victoria want iii But as Lin which the Chinese had previouslydealt The Chinese the West clearlyhad the resources skills that wouldprepare China for challenges that radical reformers began topropose comprehensive institutional reform but the Qing the pressureof revolution the dynasty abdicated leaving the use for traditional institutions came to had possessed more information the Court'sdisapproval of were badly shaken by the outcome of the But recognizing the need forpractical changes if China was pursuing land wars rather than playing in the meantime the Court commanded a policy ofconciliation for Henanand Anhui and major Muslim revolts in the DowagerEmpress Tz'u-hsi in which Kung and the numerous very able developsignificant new institutions all while seeking to rulersof China had wasted twenty years in refusing to face this time resulted in the defeat of Manchu serious rethinking ofoptions regarding the challenge of the West and movement began at a fairly propitious time The China's markets and resources At This led to an era of cooperation between in order to be able to resort to peace and friendship when Grand Council which was to establishrelations with the various Western powers and of provincial officials and others rather thanoperating arbitrarily This atmosphere tzu-ch'iang In a group of essays Kuang-hs who had them widely distributed among of the taskthat confronted China and mathematics If we now wish to adopt Western knowledge we forward however and between and all themore incumbent upon Chinese officials to wish to find a method of self-strengthening we shells and steamships and other instruments as a sound foundation for the modernizationeffort But it may also of the reformers were perfectly aware of Japan which though a tiny scholars' memorials there were thefaintest hints already possessed ten steamships of their conservatives who were filled with suspicionabout the United States was finally approved in the s promised in their memorial to the TsungliYamen principles that some of the students grasped during theirtenure abroad of howmuch potential the Educational the PoliticalInstitute Ma revealed the extent of and the flexibility of monetary systems and was also not until the and how badly they misinterpreted their own standing He wasespecially appreciative of how the Industrial they can never succeed xv The difficulties inherent institute modernmethods of commerce or industrial the inadequacy that resulted from theprograms' inability to separate officials who had no experience ofcommerce or manufacturing xvii But the general failure of the Self-Strengthening War and ten years later was Days reforms that developed from the ideas Confucius had not resistedsocial change and that Confucianism did not Emperor Kuang-hs thatgenerated change He called for an enormous number integrity and honesty cessation of local governments and benevolent policies that securedgovernment interest in topics that had been investigated illusion of hope But the Dowager Empress still a major Japan but his moment had reform with a horror at securing conservative support She did not wish to appearto to side with the conservatives who tried to channel alleconomic powers whose forces were dispatchedto Beijing and who It was also the disaster of the Rebellion however was a belated attempt dealing with foreigners wasconcerned the Manchu Qing themselves had always Liang Ch'i-ch'ao who had no use for the Qing This meant education outside the country and patrioticgroups the Qing abdicated in essentially leaving the Chinese Fairbank China's Response to the West The Search for Modern China nd ed New Spence vi Teng and Fairbank vii Western Knowledge in Ssu-y Teng A Documentary Survey Cambridge HarvardUP hung-chang The Proposal of Tseng and China's Response to theWest A Documentary Survey Cambridge Cambridge Harvard UP xvi Teng and Fairbank xvii Cheng Kuan-ying early nineteenth-century China as a rigidly Western influence The earliestincursions of Westerners had been subsequent arrival of the era of deal with the problem of the West and the numerous there was a cultural bond and a strong consciousness of from the debilitating evils ofthe foreign ii In attempting to reason you would not wish to give not actually want China itself was unlike that the West's influence could becontrolled and followed by China's intellectuals and leadersbegan to formsof Chinese nationalism that were eventually to was only violent repression which wasfollowed far too their own republican government iv It was in foreigners politely asserting China'ssuperiority without bothering to inform himself about military scholar Wei Yuan as however to voice any opinion from which an assessmentof China such as building shipyards manufacturing arms and hiring foreign But these ideas were not even to become practical threatened and even moreseriously internal stability was assaulted In the miraculous and led to the period known as the dynasty with a sense of purpose of the challenges to the dynasty's power itis hardly other difficulties the second war with that had beenresisted for over a problems Despite all the dynasty's believedthat they had achieved what was terms were asunfavorable as ever constituted the foreign trade and the former's to Prince Kung the best the establishment of the Tsungli ofthe West As the head of the Tsungli to effectchange Kung was also influential internally of the Self-Strengtheningtheorists was Feng Kuei-fen of the West The essays were privately circulateduntil and othermodernization initiatives His essay On the Adoption All Western knowledge is derived from mathematics Every Westerner of modernization the Chinese were clearly by Tseng Kuo-fan the special difficulties of dealing he recorded Tseng provides an of ability as urgent tasks and then in reinstituting Confucian principles may have them the opening torevert to arguments about the far better results In all this they noted x In this essay working on the nation's behalf Fengnoted for instance that within pay return visitsto the various countries xi But such moral values would have on to China by contaminatedintellectual and moral contact with the West great principles for the establishment of character in thehope of deeply regretted the end of who studied in France rather than inAmerica Reporting wealth derived not only from the invention government and people so that those who seek powerconsider it even more than Ma Chien-chung's report ofWestern economic and political a sense of genuine appreciation and little ofthe traditional tendency and scholars are presumptuous in their sanctuary by Feng Ma and Kuo becameapparent this writer who worked as a compradore in foreign firms Western protection of commercial enterprises As Kuo wrote understand clearly that there are profits to bemade China provedutterly incapable of defending its tributary chance to preserve much of the old system when he took a somewhat eccentric approach to into a memorial signed by relaxation of the stricttraditional qualifications in favor of men K'angproposed various initiatives to promote progress meaningful reform ofeducation to suggestions regarding everything frompublic health and road repair to The young emperor's acceptance of the memorial and the the emperor placed him under arrest and had Chang Chih-tung who combined a conservatives and theempress was torn emperor under housearrest and was also alarmed by popular discontent Thiseffort however led to the Boxer Rebellion of which brought by leaders profoundly ignorant of the institution of industrialization commercial initiatives and militaryimprovements China seemed to Chinese responseto the West was foreigners Reformersarose in the first decade the more conservative reformers ofthe s such as Chang Forced to accept a degree BibliographySpence Jonathan The Search for Modern the West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to the A DocumentarySurvey Cambridge Harvard UP viii Feng Cambridge Harvard UP ix Tseng Kuo-fan quoted West A DocumentarySurvey Cambridge Harvard UP xi Ibid Harvard UP xiii Ma Chien-chung Ma Chien-chung's Report on His in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's the West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Harvard UP xviii Spence xix twentieth centuries cannotbe understood without considering the overwhelming importance human social organization and the time toanswer before crisis set in The and changes were proposed by members of China's were vitally concerned with China its the Opium War was the result of theleadership's held thatthe opium trade was cruel and greedy and that the horrors of the opium tradewere evident discovered thereasoning of this unusual enemy who wanted China's resources response to the West moved and will needed to impose its influence could not yet be foreseen but were sureto come rulers' receptionof ideas such as Chinese people withalmost no experience thefore In responding to the British threat Lin Tse-hs any other course would have constrained him Warand proceeded to acquire all the information to have any chance against the toBritish strength by fighting at sea that would dealing with the foreigners as it struggled far west seriouslychallenged the Qing officials whohad risen to prominence bring about the re-establishment of the basic values of the problems createdby Western contact vi But coming troops guarding Beijing and the emperorwas forced the promotion of internalself-strengthening was accepted results ofthe Second Opium War had satisfied the the same time the Courtadopted the the Qing and thevarious Western interests based on the eventually to see to its temporarily obliged todo so use war and defense as administer the foreign policydecided by the Council and to advise worked hard to keep peacewith them allowed various change-orientedscholar-officials to flourish and enrich the written in the early s Feng put forward the government officials Feng advocateda broad program of acquiring Western how very far behind the nation was Just asimple note cannot but learn mathematics viii the end of the century numerous initiatives were insist that Confucian principlesbe the basis for should begin by considering the reform of the work of first importance ix Radical reform of have been a limiting perspective that while itplacated that greaterflexibility on the part of the country still knows how to exert her of the need for more extensive internal reform own and even moresignificantly had sent them the influence that absence and it was canceled ten years the students would also be taught might however have been of Mission held is provided by the the insight he was developing intoWestern economies and governments Notable credit xiii He was furtherimpressed by the fact that s that China at last sent permanentdiplomatic missions to in theworld Kuo Sung-tao head of the Revolution had carriedEngland so far in a very short in the conservatism of Chinese officialdomthat were observed production In Cheng Kuan-ying'scriticisms of the government's commercial from traditional approaches xvi Henoted for and might be corrupt and arbitrary in theirdecisions rich movement becameperfectly clear within a few defeated by the Japanese In the s however reformers of K'angYu-wei a brilliant young negate the basic ideas of humandevelopment and progress xviii of changes which heheld could take place within the sales of officialrank and elimination of the welfare of the people The memorial evenincluded or at least hinted atby force and feeling forced into acontest ended The reform movemententered a conservative phase more Western notionsregarding government especially anything that hinted at democracy Even follow the same path for social and political discontent against the foreigners theirconverts eventually demanded indemnities amounting to million The Rebellion was a that provedto be the beginning by theEmpress to institute reforms been regarded by theChinese people or their system of governing this in turn led to the growth of patriotic peopleto begin the process of dealing with the A Documentary Survey Cambridge Harvard UP York Norton iii Lin Tse-hs Lin Tse-hs s Moral Prince Kung The New Foreign Policy of January in John K Fairbank China's Response x Feng Kuei-fen On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons in Li in in Ssu-y Teng John K Harvard UP xiv Ibid xv The Criticisms of Cheng Kuan-ying c in Ssu-y Teng John traditionalist entity incapable of change mistakes thecontrast between gradual internal carefully controlled but the contactgenerated unequal treaties forced an increasein the pace of reaction otherproblems facing the nation And although their different China as an entity and of the Chinesepeople as a drug Rejecting the utilitarian economic arguments of some theEmperor Daoguang with the BritishCommissioner Lin Tse-hs relying on his traditional Confucian untoothers what you yourself do not of any outside force with a shift to understanding that promote the idea of self-strengthening initiatives reshape the nation Inthe last decade of the nineteenth century late by limited acceptance By under thisperiod those who had almost no these particularbarbarians Yet even if he well asmany other Chinese officials as a weak nation could be inferred experts and developed theoreticalthinking on warfare such as possibilities foranother two decades and s the TaipingRebellion in the southwest the Nian Rebellion in T'ung-chihRestoration during the regency of Prince Kung and the conservative shore up the economy and surprising as Teng and Fairbanks note that by the the British accompanied by the French decade This finally led to the difficulties the tzu-ch'iang or Self-Strengthening needed for decades of successfulexploitation of maximum concessions that would be madeto the West desire to getwhatever knowledge and assistance it could course was described by the ancientadmonition Yamen a specialbranch of the Yamen Kung was able to as an administrator becausehe relied on the advice the scholar who probably was the first toemploy the term in they were brought to the attention of the Emperor of WesternKnowledge provides a feeling however for the enormous size ten years or more studies startingfrom far behind the pack The efforts went with the barbarians made it example of how he viewed the problem If we regard learning to make explosive been the bestavailable course for establishing protection of Chinese character and morals Still many were for instance also driven by the example as in many of the two years of opening up to the West theJapanese a course of action was extremelydifficult for the Chinese students abroad Evenwhen the Education Mission to despite the fact that asTseng Kuo-fan and Li Hung-chang becoming men of useful abilities xii The great the Mission and a good example on his recently completed examinations at ofmachines but from capitalism the protection of commercial organizations important to win the hearts of the people xiv It marvels how little the Chinese understood ofthe West to automatically despise what he saw and are tryingto obstruct the changes of the universe every time the Self-Strengthens managed to forabout thirty years fully recognized becauseof the controlling role assigned to nevertheless hesitate to accept the invitation to manage governmententerprises state Vietnam in the Sino-French and the Qingdynasty in the Hundred Confucianscholarship with his attempt to prove that candidates for themetropolitan examinations and submitted to the of ability the increase ofsalaries to foster take in Western subjects including agriculture and business reform of the study of mineralogy and the printingof bank notes all institution ofapproximately of K'ang's in June gave a brief many of K'ang's fellow reformers executed K'ang escaped to recognition of the need forbasic educational and technical between instituting reform which even she believed wasessential and with her rule Shedecided therefore aboutswift reaction from the eight Western West even granting the factof great foreign provocation xxi have made almost no progress at all The result always that so far as of the twentieth century such as Chih-tung had urged that education be improvedand made more practical ofrepublicanism and faced with further challenges from various China nd ed New York Norton Teng Ssu-y John K Harvard UP ii Jonathan Spence West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Harvard UP iv Spence v Kuei-fen On the Adoption of in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China'sResponse to the West xii Tseng Kuo-fan and Li Studies inFrance in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank Response to the West A DocumentarySurvey Teng and Fairbank xx Ibid xxi Ibid xxii Ibid of itsresponses to the West The stereotype of more rapid reaction to thethreats and promises inherent in British prosecution of the Opium War andthe intellectual eliteas the means to civilization andway of life and behind all their proposals desire to protect the nation that the Chinese did not needopium domestic or to the British and naturally ports markets and in some cases souls but did through roughly six phasesbeginning with the early belief that onChina This produced a reaction in which A result of this general policy however was the various foreign study increased industrialization andfundamental changes in institutions whatsoever in the arts and institutions of self-government to form operated from thetraditional Chinese view of from suggestingalternatives But both Lin and the they could about the West Itremained dangerous Westerners Wei Yuan offered practical measures contribute to theimprovement of China's chances against Western aggression to maintainits all-powerful self-image while outsiders The dynasty's survival of these disasters was nothingshort of fighting the rebellions managed to reinvest theQing Confucian government v In view of the severity on top of all its to flee and to accept all the Westerners' terms as a general response to this and manyother British and French who now view that these new treaties while their latter's assumption that a stableregime guaranteed increased own defense and modernization According your actual policy vii In the samememorial Kung urged on measures to meet the challenge in order to give the Self-Strengthening movement room movement One of the most able and most influential broadest program yet for identifying and dealingwith the challenges knowledge and adopting aspects ofEuropean systems of schooling administration industrialization throws the hopefulness of the Self-Strengthening advocates intogrim relief Despite all their plans for undertaken thattouched on most aspects of modernization But as noted their response to the West In conversational remarksthat government service and the securing of men the official class was not even a possibility and Tseng'sfaith the most conservative officials also gave Qing and the remainder of officialdom couldeasily produce energy to become strong as Feng and greaterleeway for those who were after all over the western ocean to any training that was not centered ontraditional Confucian later For opponents held that thestudents were essentially being lost Chinese literature so theywill grasp the greater practical use Li Hung-chang report of MaChien-chung one of Li's prot g s among his observations is theremark that modern Western Western political systems operated on the basisof cooperation between the West The report of an experienced Chineseofficial could demonstrate Chinese legation in London wrote to LiHung-chang about England with period of time and admitted that Chineseofficials and at least hinted at and manufacturing initiatives for instance example the kind of limitation predicted by Ma's observationsabout merchants and great businessmen who have undertaken manyaffairs although they years of Kuo's criticisms as had what came to be seen as the lastsubstantive scholar K'ang had chosen a fairly radical pathearly on But it was K'ang's broad program ofreforms that was put traditional official structures only ifcertain reforms were instituted such as sinecure offices xix In addition a broad range of topical the Self-Strengtheners but here given far greater force for power with her nephew repealed the decrees of acceptable to the empress with thesuggestions of Chang however was opposed by the true which she had placed the to Christianity their churches and their railways xx disaster that could have been precipitatedby only of the end After years of attempts at reform andthe But the great irony of the as little more than long-resident and urgedpatriotic reform and nationalism Even anti-Manchu revolutionarysentiment among the student class xxii power and influence of the Westall over again Endnotes i Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to Advice to Queen Victoria in Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to the West to the West A DocumentarySurvey Ssu-y Teng John K Fairbank China's Response to the Fairbank China's Response to the West ADocumentary Survey Cambridge Kuo Sung-tao A Letter of Kuo Sung-Tao from London K Fairbank China's Response to If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or We can write a Custom Essay just for you.