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Media Studies
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This paper provides a discussion of media studies and how it relates to culture ...... More...
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This paper provides a discussion of media studies and how it relates to culture, politics, power, history, and other aspect of society. A patriarchal critique framework is offered as best for pursuing media studies, primarily because of a growing trend of consolidation of ownership of the media among a relatively small number of wealthy, white males.
Paper Introduction:
Media Studies Introduction At no time in history has the media been more ubiquitous than it isin contemporary society The pervasive influence of the media in our livesmakes it critical to understand and interpret how media work In thisregard various aspects of the media including its history its influenceon culture and culture\'s influence on it its relationship to politics andgovernment and its connection to money and power in society are requiredtopics of study for a sound understanding of the media in modern
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This is even moreparticularly true when examining the underlying commercialization of themedia that is a component of it that tends toward deception. He contends that thecommercial logic of mass entertainment industry is to "homogenize" orstandardize consumers rather than create product or content that caters todiversity (Inglis 52). social institutions. This fact is cause for concernregarding the ability of the media to influence public opinion as well asthe outcome of political processes. The Year That Defined American Journalism. Press, 1997.Hardt, Hanno. The simpleenormity of its presence in daily life as a communication form is onereason for such debates. Such aframework is necessary to reveal the construction of media is influenced bythose who create it to more often than not to reinforce the values,beliefs, and institutions of the status quo. Media, Money and Power The patriarchal critique framework selected to frame the study ofmedia is perfectly suited to a trend in contemporary media that highlightsthe significant connection among the media, money and power. In Hardt's estimation, the influence of powerful, wealthy andprimarily white males in U.S. It is only from this frameworkthat individuals can hope to understand and interpret the media for itsability to convey while also shaping information in order to achieve thegoal of influencing audiences. Without doubt one of the greatest media influences of all time istelevision. The increasing connection among media, money, and power inAmerican society will then be addressed as a major concern for Americanmedia and society. This analysis ofthe media will provide a media studies framework that serves as thefoundation for media studies for student at the undergraduate college levelof study. Conclusion In conclusion, the consolidation of the American media into thehands of a relatively small number of wealthy, powerful white males willcontinue in the foreseeable future. Ochs...began positioning the Times as a moral counterweight to theyellow press, which was then dominant in New York City journalism" (116). Others, like the FOX News Channel, owned by major Bushsupported Rupert Murdoch, has basically become known as the "Bush" channelbecause of its pro-Bush slant on anything that happens in Washington. In The Year That Defined AmericanJournalism, Campbell not only demonstrates how various media outlets offerdifferent versions of similar events but also how they began in the latenineteenth century to purposefully position themselves in counterpoint toeach other. As such, the mediaversions on film, in print, and on audio recordings are often those createdby the status quo or victors in history. New York: Routledge, 1992.Inglis, Fred. Media Studies Framework How media is constructed to influence audiences while reflecting thepoint-of-view of their creators through content selection and impliedmeaning will serve as the framework through which media will be studied.This framework attempts to demonstrate the connection between media and the"truth" it conveys in both actual content and implied meaning. A conclusion will address the likely future scenario inAmerican culture of the relationship among media, money, and power. In "Hypermedia and the Modern to Postmodern World OrderTransformation," Diebert maintains that the seamless integration or "web"of such communications has imposed a new communications "environment" upontraditional world orders. That these individuals are male also narrowsperspective in the media. From culture and entertainment to politics and information, themedia framework should encompass a course of study that includes thehistory of communication and media, popular culture and the media,democracy, elections and the media, media ethics, and the relationshipamong the media, money and power. Those who own the media and profit from it, in Inglis' view, arethose who shape culture, values, and even history as they attempt tohomogenize audiences toward commercialized goals. 79229 Media Studies Introduction At no time in history has the media been more ubiquitous than it isin contemporary society. The patriarchal critique framework for media studies also playsnicely into the contemporary reality of the digital telecommunicationsrevolution. International media, then, is alsoa reflection in many instances of the interests, aims, or values of theseminority groups of individuals that control U.S. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. An example of this from a patriarchal critiqueframework would be the U.S. Thusthe problem of these individuals having undue influence and control overthe media is also, especially in the age of advanced communicationstechnologies, reflected in and a concern for international media as well.As Hardt argues regarding this phenomenon that influences worldwide media,"Comparative and international communication research in the United Statesreflects an institutional proximity to communication and media theory andresearch and acts upon a problematic that is largely defined by theeconomic and political interests of the United States government" (129). Joseph Campbell writes, "For the New York Times, AdolphS. The Marxist or capitalist critique of the media as a tool of thewealthy to maintain control over and influence the masses is aligned withInglis' view that media entertainment industries could care less aboutpluralism or anything other than making a profit. Media Theory: An Introduction. Enormous power to pull off such a feat would havebeen required in the past, but these kinds of technologies have helpedsomewhat level the playing field between the powerful status quo thatcontrol the media and average citizens who exhibit little influence overit. At the end of Regarding the Pain of Others SusanSontag wonders if there is "an antidote to the perennial seductiveness ofwar" but then wonders "is this question a woman is more likely to pose thana man" (122)? This scandal wasimposed on the U.S. Television: Technology and Cultural Form. As W. All of these aspects of media study helpreveal the connection between communication and history and howcommunication via media can serve as a means of advancing social justicebut also as a means of retarding it, such as Hitler's misuse of the mediaduring WWII. Critical Communication Studies: Communication, History and Theory in America. media is similar to their influence inpolitics both domestically and abroad. "Comparative Media Research: The World According to America." Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5, 1988, 129-146.Hardt, Hanno. Everywhere from Times Square to Hong Kong giant televisedimages play twenty-four hours a day seven days a week. In thisregard, various aspects of the media including its history, its influenceon culture and culture's influence on it, its relationship to politics andgovernment, and its connection to money and power in society are requiredtopics of study for a sound understanding of the media in modern society.This is particularly true in an era when advanced communicationstechnologies continue to reinforce the polar positions of a Marxist orpluralist view of contemporary media. Itis this kind of narrowing of perspective and increase of bias that isresulting from the consolidation of media ownership among a handful ofwealthy individuals. It is also the reason why apatriarchal framework to serve as the basis of media studies incontemporary American society was selected. While sophisticatedcommunications technologies and the Internet have greatly opened upopportunities for average citizens to create and disseminate media, themajor media outlets in American society continue to be owned and influencedby a handful of extremely wealthy and white males. Joseph. We see that during the Bush Administration the problem of the mediabeing held in the hands of a few, wealthy owners has generated enormouscriticism of the media for not taking a more investigative journalistapproach to what many consider a number of outright criminal actions takenby the president. In this way, those who promote a pluralistic view of themedia can help advance social justice by helping the media become influenceby all types of Americans. As Williams argues regarding this issue, "thenear universality and general social visibility of television haveattracted simple cause-and-effect identification of its agency in socialand cultural change" (119). New York: Columbia Univ. However,if the current trend is any indication the media will continue to beconsolidated in the hands of a few elites who increasingly see that itreflects self-serving rather than comprehensive information.Works CitedCampbell, W. We see that Curran and Gurevitch provide an assessment of howpolitical power can be grounded in control of media through culture, suchas the Catholic Church being successful in relying on newly invented mediato control large areas of Europe but British press lords were limited intheir ability to leverage media for political power. In fact, Inglis argues that the status quomaintains this homogenization or standardization through "zones as bundlesof social order" that covers signification, power and production (Inglis75). Fred Inglis refersto a similar phenomenon by which "the big barons turned to theindustrialization of culture" (114). In such an environment,it is difficult for the media to pursue its other roles in society, such ashelping serve as a curb on the abuses of power by elites in society. Whether for good or bad, this process iswhat Susan Sontag refers to in her explanation that a photographic image(or any other form of visual image used in media) is "both a faithful copyand transcription of an actual moment of reality and an interpretation ofthat reality" (26). government primarily because of new technologies andtheir seamless communication ability, such as the pictures of the abusetaken by digital cameras and emailed to news outlets before being broadcastin television and print. Parchment, Printing, and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation. government scandal over the abuse of Iraqiprisoners at Abu Ghraib by American military personnel. In Critical Communication Studies, Hanno Hardt provides awork that focuses on a critique that is emerging that is "inherent" in theidea of democracy and can be defined as thinking about "freedom" and"responsibility" and the contribution scholars can make to the benefit ofsociety (iv). However, both Curranand Gurevitch believe that the media and those who own it have the power toshape the categories and frameworks through which audience members perceivesociopolitical reality. A patriarchal framework for the study of media is necessary becauseof the various roles played by the media - a source of information,education, and entertainment - to reveal the subtle dangers of having themedia influenced or shaped by a relative elite minority. The pervasive influence of the media in our livesmakes it critical to understand and interpret how media work. New York: Picador, 2 3.Williams, Raymond. In MediaTheory, Fred Inglis goes even further when he asserts that "modern cultureis unstoppably commercial" and is "permeated by lies and deceit" (35).This is even easier to achieve when media outlets are owned by individualsmore intent on profit than information sharing. This is because history is more often thannot written by the winners, especially historically. The most pertinent aspect of Curran's andGurevitch's Mass Communication and Society as it pertains to a patriarchalcritique framework is the authors' discussion of both the Marxist and thepluralistic perspective of media. This ownershipcontinues to represent patriarchal control of the media that limitsperspective. This trendinvolves an increasing consolidation of American media ownership among ahandful of wealthy, powerful and primarily white males. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 199 .Sontag, Susan. The relationship between society and the media is so significantthat Raymond Williams makes the claim, in Television: Technology andCultural Reform, "If television had not been invented...certain definitesocial and cultural events would not have occurred" (12). New York: Methuen, 1992.Deibert, Ronald J. Inlight of the increasing diversity of the American population, somethingexpected to increase in the foreseeable future, the government shouldintervene to ensure that the owners of the media are a diverse group thatis more representative of the population of audiences it serves. The enormous power of the media inthe hands of so relatively few individuals is significant cause for concernregarding American media and society. Mass Communication and Society. New York: Routledge, 2 6.Curran, James, and Gurevitch, Michael. Regarding The Pain Of Others. A patriarchalcritique framework of media studies also makes it clear that television hasbeen one of the primary media vehicles for perpetuating the values,beliefs, and institutions of primarily Anglo-Saxon upper-class culture.Television generates enormous controversy between those who believe it hasenormous power to negatively influence audiences, particularly children oryoung adults, and those who feel its impact is beneficial. As a source of recorded history, the media is also well-suited to apatriarchal critique framework. This being the case, interpretation in the media by those whoconstruct it must offer honest, diverse perspectives in order to mostadvance social justice for citizens of all backgrounds and persuasions.
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