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Global Warming Process
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This paper examines the phenomena of global warming the reasons for it the contribution ...... More...
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Paper Abstract:
This paper examines the phenomena of global warming, the reasons for it, the contribution of greenhouse gases, and the contribution of human activity to greenhouse gases. It looks at both sides of the argument on whether or not mankind's activity contributes to global warming.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction Almost every day one scientist or another comes forth with newevidence on global warming and issues dire warnings about how it willaffect the future of humanity and even how it is already having effectssuch as melting the polar icecaps changing migration patterns of birdsetc According to Hollander The debate about global warming hasgrown ever more intense in recent years and become as much political as itis scientific There\'s no doubt the Earth is warming the scientificevidence shows that the planet\'s temperature
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17, 2 6 from http://www.climatechoices.org/assets/docuemnts/climatehcoices/NECIA_cli mate_report_final.pdfGlassner, B. Their efforts will entail enormous additions of atmospheric pollutants,alterations to the landscape, and other environmental stresses (Hollander,Ramanathan and Barnett, 2 3, 63). Spring will arrivethree weeks earlier, summer will lengthen by about three weeks at thebeginning and the end, fall will be warmer and drier, and winter shorterand milder. In origin. Human/nature relations: dependence on global resources, impact ofglobal processes on local environments. (2 3). In a report to Congress in 2 4 on theU.S. Mankind has to adapt to the changes taking place on the planet, and livewithin the dictates of current geography. Higher global temperatures risk destabilizing theGreenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, which could cause sea level risesof over 2 feet over the next few centuries. What human activities have been found to contribute to global warming? The extent of the changes isseen as being dependent on the emission changes made in the Northeast,which is ranked seventh in the world as the largest source of carbondioxide emissions.The U.S. refused to sign the 1997 KyotoProtocol requiring developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas productionfive to eight percent below 199 levels by 2 8-2 12, and no federalstatutes require reduction in greenhouse gases by federal agencies orprivate industry. Human activity contributesslightly to greenhouse gases through farming, manufacturing, powergeneration and transportation, but these emissions are dwarfed compared tothose from natural sources, says Hieb. It comes from natural sources and is responsible for 95percent of the greenhouse effect. But there's disagreement about the extent to whichhumans are responsible for the change" (63). Retrieved Nov. However, because coal is a cheapsource of energy, the Bush Administration has rejected mandatory reductionsin greenhouse gas production and supported further research and voluntaryenergy efficiency efforts instead. Thesechanges are believed to be due to increasing levels of carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, the research questions that will guide the proposedstudy will be:1. According to Hollander (2 3), "The debate about global warming hasgrown ever more intense in recent years and become as much political as itis scientific. Using projections from state-of-the-art global climate models,predictions have been made that over the next few decades, similar changesare likely to see a temperature rise of from 2.5 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit inwinter and 1 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in summer (Climate, 2 6). This climateis already changing, with temperatures rising, particularly in winter, andthe area has had an increasing number of extremely hot days in summer.Snow cover is decreasing, and Spring is arriving earlier. Global warming: Both sides. In1998, the U.S. The Wilson Quarterly, 27(2), 63.Mank, B. Is global warming caused by human activity?2. Conclusion While most scientists now agree that global warming is a fact, thereasons for it are far from settled. There's no doubt the Earth is warming -the scientificevidence shows that the planet's temperature has been rising for the pastcentury and a half. Introduction Almost every day, one scientist or another comes forth with newevidence on global warming and issues dire warnings about how it willaffect the future of humanity, and even how it is already having effectssuch as melting the polar icecaps, changing migration patterns of birdsetc. While the one sees it as a reason topanic and start making plans for where to move to in the future, othersbelieve we should take it in our stride and wait and see what happens.Scientific evidence abounds to support either argument. Water vapor is 99.999 percent of natural origin, and otheratmospheric greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, andother gases (CFCs, etc) are also mostly of natural origin (Hieb, 2 3).CFCs etc are mostly anthropogenic. Water vapor is Earth;'s most significantgreenhouse gas, constituting about 95 percent of the greenhouse effect, andyet most discussions of global warming completely ignore it. produced about 24 percent of the world's greenhouse gases,and this has continued to increase. Water vapor rules the greenhouse system. (2 5). New York, NY: Basic Books.Hieb, M. The sea-level will continue to rise, a few inches to more thanone foot by mid-century, and by the end of the century, global sea levelscould rise 8 inches to more than three feet, causing coastal flooding anddamage from sea surges. %; nitrous oxide -9. The waywater vapor is or isn't factored into an analysis of Earth's greenhousegases makes the difference between whether the human contribution issignificant or negligible. One thing iscertain, we cannot go on destroying the environment at the rate we are, andsupport the lopsided growth of populations in lands unable to support them. Total combine anthropogenic greenhouse gases comprise 3.298percent of all greenhouse gasses, ignoring water vapor, but not allgreenhouse gases have the same heat retaining properties. It is estimated by other scientists that the contribution of humanactivity to greenhouse gases is just about .28 percent if water vapor istaken into account, and 5.53 percent if it is not (Hieb, 2 3). 17, 2 6 from http://www.clearlight.com/~mhieb/WVFossils/greenhouse_data. Even ifglobal warming does not produce either of these effects in the short-term,the issues are expected to be at the forefront of environmental concerns inthe years to come simply by virtue of the increased number of people livingon the Earth. greenhouse gas emissions would rise by 43 percentbetween 2 and 2 2 (Mank, 2 5). It is predicted that bythe end of the century, winters could warm by 8 to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.By mid-century, major cities could expect to see 3 -6 days each summerwith temperatures over 9 degrees Fahrenheit compared to 1 -15 days now. While one field sees human burning offossil fuels as the major culprit, others see it as a natural phenomena ofthe cycling of conditions on Earth. In thisenvironment, it is difficult to know what to believe, and there is anabundance of scientific studies to support both points of view. Environmental Law, 35(1), 1. Northeast (2 6). As temperatures rise, more precipitation would fall as rain ratherthan snow, and the frequency of late summer and early fall droughts isexpected to increase significantly (Climate, 2 6). 35 percent. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things. (1999). %; and CFCs and other gases - 1.432% (Hier,2 3). Because the implications of a shift to a warmer global climate arepotentially severe, these warnings may in fact represent the clarion callmankind needs today in order to avoid these potentially devastatingoutcomes. Standing and global warming: Is injury to all injury to none? The United States is a majorcontributor to greenhouse gases, mostly from coal-burning power plants. Economic activity and lifein general here is defined by the region's seasonal cycle, changeableweather, and extreme events such as floods and nor'easters. (2 3). Retrieved Nov. Climatologists know this, but otherssuch as government scientists, special interest groups, and news groups donot. Northeast. For example, "By the beginning of the next century, theglobal population is expected to reach about 9 billion, and many people inthe developing world will be striving to match Western standards of living. To gainsome current insights into what authoritative sources are saying aboutthese issues, the proposed study will consult a wide range of sources,including peer reviewed journals, scholarly books and texts, as well asmainstream periodicals and other media as identified serendipidously duringthe research process.Relationship between Scientific Concepts Global warming is, by definition, a global process (Mank, 2 5).Therefore it is possible to discern the relationship between the followinggeographic concepts and how mankind may affect these issues:1. htmlHollander, J.M., Ramanathan, V., & Barnett, T.P. The U.S. ReferencesClimate change in the U.S. Water vapor overwhelms all other natural and man-made greenhousecontributions. Access to global resources during thisenormous transition period and after for mankind will also have animmeasurable impact, particularly on energy sources and fresh water.Local Effects An example of local effects of climate change is seen on the reportClimate Changes in the U.S. Climate Change Science Program acknowledged for the first time thatincreasing carbon dioxide levels from human sources is the most likelyexplanation for global warming. However, it did not change its approach tomandatory actions to reduce greenhouse gases until there is more conclusiveresearch on global warming. Space, place and landscape: the role fo global processes in shaping thecharacter of neighborhoods, places, regions; and,2. As a group, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and other miscellaneousgases are about 6 times more potent than carbon dioxide as greenhousegases. Global Warming and Its causes Balancing the opinions of experts warning about the dangers of globalwarming are the counter-opinions of other experts who suggest there isinsufficient evidence available to paint such a grim picture, and thatthose who engage in such activities are simply promoting a :culture offear" among Americans to better control them (Glassner, 1999). Anthropogenic carbon dioxidecomprises 3.2 7 percent fo all greenhouse gas concentrations, ignoringwater vapor. Suchdrastic measures as proposed by the Kyoto Protocol would reduce the totalhuman greenhouse effect from carbon dioxide by . (2 6). Anthropogenic carbon dioxide makes up only .117 percent of Earth'sgreenhouse effect when water vapor is factored in, and the totalanthropogenic contribution to the greenhouse effects is .28 percent. and GreenHouse Gases Thee is a growing consensus among many scientists that the burning offossil fuels produces greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, whichcontribute to global warming (Mank, 2 5). Adjusted for heat retention characteristics relative tocarbon dioxide, their contributions are: carbon dioxide - 72.369%; methane- 19. If global warming is determined to be a reality, the effects mayforce people in northern climes to relocate further south, depending onwhether the next "Little Ice Age" occurs; by contrast, if the worldcontinues to get hotter, there might be a mass exodus north. In its Climate Action Report to the United Nations in 2 2, the BushAdministration grudgingly admitted the risks from global warming andprojected total U.S.
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