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Economic Development
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Presents an economic development plan for Compton, California.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Presents an economic development plan for Compton, California. Describes the socio-economic problems of Comptom; the city's efforts to redefine itself as an entrepreneurial "hotspot." Identifies the economic development strategies that could assist Comptom.
Paper Introduction:
Strengthening the Hub City Through Economic Development Executive Summary Compton California is a city faced with multiple socioeconomicproblems among which poverty crime a deteriorating tax base a shortageof viable economic development opportunities and initiatives and a failingeducational system Among these problems economic development designed toattract businesses and industries that will provide the work opportunitiesneeded to attract and expand a white-collar professional work force aswell as to enhance the opportunities available for blue collar and servicesector workers as well Compton has struggled to
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This being the case,several particular policies are advanced herein for Compton. Course Reader, 237-248.City of Compton. City Attorney's Office . Morgan and England (1999) suggest that in some instances, citymanagers have a greater impact upon city policy and programs than electedofficials; in this instance, as reported by Parkes (2 1), Compton hasexperienced frequent conflict between its city manager's office and that ofthe mayor and council. Compton experiences bothof these problems in tandem. Compton expandedrapidly in the mid-19 s, and in the late 194 s the end of segregation inresidential housing led to the migration of middle class blacks to the westside of the area (Compton, California, 2 6). City Hall at your service. In 2 5 Compton had 72 murders, the highest murder rate in the country, which is significantly higher than the national average for a city its size. (2 6c). New York: Chatham House Publishing.Parkes, C. Los Angels Times, April 12. In the case of Compton, both ongoingcrime and early changes of corrupt governance and cronyism have workedagainst the development initiatives of the city (Lee, 2 4; Parkes, 2 1).Peliserro (2 6) also makes reference to this issue, suggesting that a highlevel of criminal activity in any community (particularly smallercommunities such as Compton) is not likely to work in favor of attractingnew business ventures in the service sector; further communitiescharacterized by high levels of gang activity also tend to have poorlyfunctioning educational systems which are also regarded by potentialbusiness investors or relocators as undesirable. (2 6). Five freeways outline the general boundaries of the City and provide superior access to destinations throughout the region. (2 6). comptoncity.org/aboutus/about1 .html.City of Compton. Course Reader, 2 - 29.Stein, R.M. On the plus side, Compton has excellent local transportation servicesthrough the Metro Blue Line light rail service which connects the city toLos Angeles, Carson, and Long Beach. It is also home to several institutions of highereducation, including Compton Community College, Reed Christian College, theWestern Theological Seminary, and Yuin University. A major focus of this study is the identification of economicdevelopment strategies that could assist Compton in increasing its stock ofbusinesses and fostering increased commercial and redevelopment projects,especially those targeting the central city. About Compton. The Long Beach and Los Angeles Ports are less than 2 minutes from downtown Compton, providing easy access to international destinations for customers, suppliers and leisure travelers. Qualifying applicants are eligible to receive up to $1 , for commercial loans and $15 , for industrial loans. The sky falls on Compton: Death and taxes. The business can receive funding for the following purposes: rehabilitation and renovation of facilities, leasehold improvements, trade fixtures, acquisition of equipment and machinery and working capital inventory purchases (City of Compton, 2 6e, p. Using the school system and existing social serviceagencies targeting youth, Compton should pursue foundation grants in orderto increase the presence of creative businesses in the community. Census Bureau, 2 Census; ePodunk || |Population 2 : 93,493Metro area: Los Angeles-Long Beach| ||COMPTON | |CA | |US || || | | | | | | | | || ||HOUSING UNITS || || || || ||Total housing units || || ||RENTER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS || || || || ||Renter-occupied housing units || || || || ||Average number of household members || ||Average number of rooms || ||Average number of vehicles || ||Median year structure was built || ||Median year householder moved in || ||Median rent ($) || ||Median rent asked for vacant units ($) || || || || ||Rent includes utilities || || || || ||Rent as a pct of household revenue || || ||OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS || || || || ||Owner-occupied housing units || || || || ||Average number of household members || ||Average number of rooms || ||Average number of vehicles || ||Median year structure was built || ||Median year householder moved in || ||Median value ($) || || || || ||With mortgage or contract to purchase || ||With second mortgage, equity loan || || || || ||Median price asked for vacant housing ($) || ||Monthly cost, with mortgage ($) || ||Monthly cost, without mortgage ($) || ||Sources: U.S. The Neighborhood Services link to the left lists some of the most commonly requested services, such as alley cleanup, sidewalk maintenance, graffiti removal, pothole repair and weed abatement. (1999). (2 1). Managing Urban America. To qualify for assistance, the business must be located in Compton, have been in operation for at least two years and demonstrate the capacity to meet the monthly debt service resulting from the loan. Available at www.latimes.com/business.Lin, R.G. Various mayoral administrations have been investigated by federal, state, and county government for bribery, nepotism, and misappropriating public funds. (2 6d). Available at http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_Californai.Davis, M. Employment of low or moderate income Compton residents . First, crime is apparentlyendemic and despite some declines in violent crime in recent years, thepresence of rival gangs competing for turf and power invariably inhibitsmany businesses from locating in Compton. Defining the Problem Two inter-related sets of problems are at work in the case of Comptonwith regard to limited economic development. Compton, like many of her neighbors,has experienced a gradual erosion of its economic base as companies arerelocating to less costly states such as neighboring Nevada. Job flight is certainly significant, and as noted by Morgan andEngland (1999), is among the most debilitating issues to impact upon anymunicipality or region. Stein (2 6) has commented, revenue spending policiesare of enormous significance in advancing the economic development of anycity and are likely to be of special significance in a city such as Comptonwhere well over one fourth of the total population lives at or below thepoverty line. Financing is also available to individuals seeking to start a new business in the City of Compton. Census Bureau, 2 Census; ePodunk || ||COMPTON | |CA | |US | | || || | | | | | | | | || ||MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY AGE ($ IN 1999) || || || || ||Median household income || ||Householder under 25 || ||Householder 25-34 || ||Householder 35-44 || ||Householder 45-54 || ||Householder 55-64 || ||Householder 65-74 || ||Householder 75 and older || || ||PER CAPITA INCOME BY RACE OR ETHNICITY ($) || || || || ||Per capita income || ||White || ||Black or African American || ||Native American || ||Asian || ||Native Hawaiian and Pacific islander || ||Some other race || ||Two or more races || ||Hispanic or Latino || ||Sources: U.S. Civic corruption has also been a widespread problem in Compton. Since then, despite changesin governmental administration, little else has changed. Attachedin the Appendices are a number of tables presenting statistical data on thedemographic environment of Compton which will be discussed in this sectionof the report. The program may also offer financing to start up entrepreneurs. (2 4). Type of business . There are potentially problems which might impact upon thesestrategies. It shouldbe noted that among the non-Hispanic population in addition to African-Americans, Compton is also home to Native Americans, Asians, and NativeHawaiians and Pacific Islanders, many of whom lived in mixed race familyunits (epodunk.com, 2 6). Third,the gang problem in Compton has proven to be difficult to eradicate and theexisting racial and ethnic tensions in the city are part and parcel of thisproblem. Available at http://compton.areaconnect/statistics.htm.Bingham, R.D. Key organizational units of Administrative Services include: . Compton residents caneasily via public transportation the colleges and universities that arelocated in Los Angeles, Long Beach, Carson and other nearby communities.These amenities are of value in assisting Compton in terms of improvingCompton's workforce. Available at www.comptoncity.org/econdev/econdev5.html.Compton, California. The crime has not been as severe as it was in the 198 s and early 199 s, during the crack (cocaine) epidemic. E. 1).Additionally, Compton is notorious for being the city with one of the highest violent crime rates in all of California. Rent as apercent of household income is 33.4 percent (epodunk.com, 2 6). Underemployment and a lack of meaningful jobs,especially in the manufacturing and service sectors, is of concern inCompton - which, despite is location as a "Hub City" and its excellenttransportation system and situation, does not attract new businesses aswell as it should and despite the city's own economic development programsthat include provision of management and technical assistance to start-upfirms, a business resource center, intergovernmental regulation advocacy,site location and comparison analyses, and a special tax incentive programdesigned to provide low interest loans and tax incentives to encouragebusiness development via a state-backed program (City of Compton, 2 6 e). First, Compton may well not be considered a viable locus forfurther economic investment by either the state of California or thefederal government because of its high crime problems. Some of the most well-known Crips and Bloods gangs are Fruit Town Piru (Blood), Westside Piru (Blood), Campenella Park Piru (Blood), MOB Piru (Blood), Tree Top Piru (Blood), Nutty Blocc (Crip), Southside Crip (Crip), Santana Blocc (Crip), Tragniew Park (Crip), Palmer Blocc (Crip), Duccy Hood (Crip) and Kelly Park (Crip). Available at www.losangelestimes.com.Morgan, D. This, in and of itself, suggests that a substantial portionof the city's budgetary revenues are expended on social services which dolittle ultimately to enhance economic development. Available at www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/Florida, R. As early as 1994, Davis 91994) reported thatgovernmental corruption was endemic in the city, that businesses wererelocating to avoid the high municipal tax rates, and that gang membershipamong young people was virtually 1 percent. Economic development policies. Revolving Loan Program - this program is designed to encourage commercial and industrial revitalization, assist in the development an/or expansion of commercial and industrial businesses in order to generate employment opportunities, stimulate private investment, and, in general, improve those areas experiencing economic decline. This strategy offers a unique opportunity to develop mixed land usein the central Compton community area, creating walkable neighborhoods,fostering the development of mixed housing (e.g., rental units,condominiums, and single family dwellings) and business as well as serviceentities. Additionally, in this same context, Compton should enter intopartnerships with businesses to redevelop this area by providing low costloans through state and federal pass through programs. Firms have a long list of California turnoffs. Richard D. Using available downtown property toenhance the viability of the central business district by creating a hightechnology zone is one strategy that could most emphatically assist inattracting certain businesses to the area. The most infamous and well-known gangs, however, are the African American gangs, the Crips and the Bloods. The minimum loan amount is $25, . Compton has a very active Latino gang activity. Home ownership in Compton's 27,78 current housing units is set at12,684 units or 53.3 percent of the total population, with median homevalue set at $135,7 . Lee (2 4) reported that companies are "turned off" by Californiatowns like Compton because of such economic variables as high staterequirements for Workman's Compensation, as well as by high energy costsand rents, labor costs and taxation. (2 6e). The City of Compton (2 6e) has recognized that these are concernsand has undertaken efforts to improve its appeal to new businesses viaseveral creative strategies. A total of 27.7 percent of all households are headed by a single female (Compton, California, 2 6). 1).However, despite these efforts, Compton still has not expanded adequately.The next section of this report will offer some strategies that could beused by Compton to achieve economic growth. Available at www.comptoncity,org/chays/chays.html.City of Compton. Tucker III, and a councilwoman were convicted of extortion. Here,again, the creative class strategy described by Florida (2 6) can bebrought into play. Parkes(2 1), for example, noted that the city of almost 1 , predominantlyAfrican-Americans and Hispanics has been at odds internally with respect toneighboring Los Angeles and the state over such issues as cronyism,accusations of fiscal mismanagement, high unemployment, a failure of thecity despite ongoing efforts, to attract businesses that are willing tolocate there, and ongoing concerns regarding apparently endemic crime. Income levels in Compton vary often quite substantially. Available at www. Available at www.comptoncity.org/aboutus/about.html.City of Compton. Appendix A: Compton, California Demographic Data(Available at www.epodunk.com)[pic]|Compton, CA || ||City ||Population 2 : 93,493 ||Metro area: Los Angeles-Long Beach || || || || ||COMPTON || ||CA || ||US || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY AGE ($ IN 1999) || || || || || || || ||Number || ||Number || ||Number || || || || || || || ||Median household income || ||31,819 || ||47,493 || ||41,994 || || || || || || || ||Householder under 25 || ||19,351 || ||24,742 || ||22,679 || || || || || || || ||Householder 25-34 || ||26, 15 || ||44,424 || ||41,414 || || || || || || || ||Householder 35-44 || ||36,1 3 || ||54,365 || ||5 ,654 || || || || || || || ||Householder 45-54 || ||42,2 1 || ||61,312 || ||56,3 || || || || || || || ||Householder 55-64 || ||35,354 || ||55,742 || ||47,447 || || || || || || || ||Householder 65-74 || ||3 ,417 || ||37, || ||31,368 || || || || || || || ||Householder 75 and older || ||2 ,765 || ||27, 81 || ||22,259 || || || || || || || || || ||PER CAPITA INCOME BY RACE OR ETHNICITY ($) || || || || || || || ||Number || ||Number || ||Number || || || || || || || ||Per capita income || ||1 ,389 || ||22,711 || ||21,587 || || || || || || || ||White || ||8,218 || ||27,7 7 || ||23,918 || || || || || || || ||Black or African American || ||14, 27 || ||17,447 || ||14,437 || || || || || || || ||Native American || ||8,5 3 || ||15,226 || ||12,893 || || || || || || || ||Asian || ||12,943 || ||22, 5 || ||21,823 || || || || || || || ||Native Hawaiian and Pacific islander || ||5,3 5 || ||15,61 || ||15, 54 || || || || || || || ||Some other race || ||7,674 || ||1 ,579 || ||1 ,813 || || || || || || || ||Two or more races || ||1 ,69 || ||14,573 || ||13,4 5 || || || || || || || ||Hispanic or Latino || ||7,79 || ||11,674 || ||12,111 || || || || || || || ||Sources: U.S. Business Assistance Program - This program is designed to increase the number of viable business that will provide quality goods, services and employment opportunities to residents of the City of Compton. As the attached appendices demonstrate, income levels in Comptonpeak in the 45 to 54 year-old age cohort and decline significantly amonghouseholders over age 75. Of all the problems most directlyimpacting upon Compton's plans to expand its economic infrastructure, gangrelated crime is likely to emerge in most analysts' minds as paramount.Certainly Davis (1994) and Parkes (2 1) would agree that this problemalone makes Compton unattractive; Parkes (2 1) also points to the factthat racial tensions in Compton, especially between African-American andLatino groups (and gangs) are troubling. Thereis little doubt that Compton is desperately in need of strategies that willultimately have the effect of reducing crime and improving the incomes ofits minority citizens. The eastern side of the cityremained largely Anglo into the 196 s. 2 percent (954 individuals) and non-white, non-Hispanicsincluding African-Americans, Native Americans, Asians and Pacific Islandersnumbering slightly under 4 , (42.14 percent). Collectively, these multi - faceted transportation links lend justification to the City's familiar name "the Hub City." With respect to the infrastructure and fiscal environment whichCompton confronts, several key features are of significance. Another interesting strategy that ought to be given consideration wasreferenced by Richard Florida (2 6) who emphasized the creation of play-and-pay cities through spending on so-called creative businesses oractivities. Census, Compton has apopulation of 93,493 individuals with a median age of 25 years. In 1995, the mayor, Walter R. Physical Environment/Geography Compton is located at 33 degrees 53'48" North, 118 degrees 13'3 "West. This particular revenue generation strategy can help toimprove infrastructure development and attract new business development toan area where jobs are admittedly in short supply. Nevada is, as pointed out by Lee (2 4), a more attractive venue formany new businesses. Strengthening the "Hub City" Through Economic Development Executive Summary Compton, California, is a city faced with multiple socioeconomicproblems, among which poverty, crime, a deteriorating tax base, a shortageof viable economic development opportunities and initiatives, and a failingeducational system. Administratively, the city functions as follows: Administrative Services is responsible for overseeing the dissemination of information concerning City activities and programs, administration of the City's risk management program, financial management and control, budget development and preparation, emergency preparedness, safety and municipal insurance programs, City franchises, contract services administration and other support functions. A complex and expensive state tax system is also problematic,particularly when viewed in the context of Compton's own higher-than-average municipal tax rate imposed on businesses and service entities.When one considers these issues in the context of the demographic datafound in the Appendices and described briefly above, several importantconclusions regarding the economic development issues faced in Compton canbe identified. Nevertheless, these suggestions support the conclusion thatCompton has available to it a number of viable tools and options that couldbe brought into play to improve the economic development of the city.Compton's physical location does offer unique assets that could movedevelopment forward. It should be noted that thee data are drawn from the 2 U.S. This approach offers new means of fostering physical developmentvia theme building. It is also possible that Compton could be eligible for additionalCommunity Development Bloc Grants (CDBGs) through various state andnational programs. Another strategy that is recommended focuses specifically on theproblems created by a combination of high crime rates and limitededucational achievement given that 25 percent of the population of more hascompleted high school and that youth crime is an ongoing problem. Available at www.compton.city.org/chays/chays3.html.City of Compton. However, as Stein(2 6) also notes, municipal governments have some degree of authority toborrow money for major infrastructure development. This particulardevelopment policy can be viewed as systemic in that it will helpbusinesses (particularly entrepreneurial startups) acquire the neededcapital and technological assistance to establish a presence in thecommunity. Demographic Environment According to data generated by the 2 U.S. Morgan and England (1999) havenoted that problems of this type tend to inhibit businesses that areconsidering locating in a town or community in much the same manner as docharges of political corruption. City government is here to serve, and Mayor Eric Perrodin and the Compton City Council are committed to making it as easy as possible to obtain the city services residents need. The Financial Times, June 13, 8+Pelissero, J. Compton has struggled to redefine itself as an"entrepreneurial hotspot" with excellent transportations services andaccess to nearby Los Angeles and the surrounding metropolitan area.Numerous economic development initiatives and programs, funded in part viagovernment grants, have been undertaken in recent years to develop adiversified economic infrastructure. During 2 6, Compton has deployed twice as many Sheriff deputies and the murder rate has decreased from 22 in 4 months, to just 5 (Compton, California, 2 6, p. The City Manager is responsible for the administration of City services and programs, enforcement of the City's Municipal Code and ordinances, and preparation of the annual budget. Compton, California. ReferencesArea Connect. Available collateral . Secondly, given theenormous amount of gang activity taking place in Compton, it may provedifficult to convince entrepreneurial businesspeople to run the risk withopening the company even with favorable loans in this community. These include Interstate Highways 1 5, 11 , 71 , and 4 5, along with State Highway 91. (2 6). The Nation, 259 (8), 268-271.E.Podunk. It also makes it possible to create public and privatepartnerships between local entrepreneurial businesses using the tools oftax exempt bonds and favorable tax policies. In 2 2, his replacement, Omar Bradley, was convicted of using city credit cards to purchase golf balls and lavish hotel stays for himself and his friends. Down-at-heel Compton calls time on maverick mayor. waterborne international trade, runs directly through the City from north to south. 4)These comments illustrate a major cause of the economic problems thatCompton faces and has faced for some time. Solutions include tax creditsfor new business ventures, tax exempt bonds to encourage revenue generationfor public works projects, and other creative strategies for growth. Of the total population of Compton, these data suggest that 56.84percent (53,143 individuals) are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity whereaswhites comprise 1. Bingham (2 6) suggests that another strategy tocreate Economic Empowerment Zones with tax incremental financing (TIF).Using property tax revenues can be instrumental in increasing the tax basevia general obligation bonds which provide immediate financing for TIFprojects. Taken as a whole, the datapaint a portrait of a troubled, poor and underdeveloped community. Thesedata depict a city that, certainly in comparison to other Californiaincorporated cities, must be described as relatively poor. 1) describes this structure as follows: Providing effective and efficient city services is one of the goals of the City of Compton. The Morgan Quitno Corporation designated Compton as the third most dangerous city with a population of 75, or above in 2 5. Compton City, California Statistics and demographics (US Census 2 ). Wikipedia. percent of the population and 25.5 percent of families live at or below the federal poverty line; . Economic development. This contributes to Compton's poor reputation and discourages business investment. Per capita income for all citizens is $1 ,389,with African-Americans averaging $14, 27 per capita income, whites earningan average of $8,218, Native Americans earning an average of $8,5 4, Asiansearning $12,943, and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islander earning $5,3 3.Hispanics earn a per capita annual income of $7,79 (epodunk.com, 2 6).These data suggest that both unemployment and under-employment are economicissues of substance in Compton. The program offers financing to existing business owners from $4, to $5 , . Medianhousehold income is $31,819 per year as compared to a state-wide medianincome of $47,493 and a national US median income of $41,994 (epodunk.com,2 6). Recommendations: Policy Solutions and Conclusion As Robert M. Compton also has a homicide rate about eight times higher than the national average, most of which are gang killings. Culturally and in terms of amenities, Compton is physically locatedin close proximity to Disneyland, Catalina Island, Long Beach Aquarium, thepermanent site of the Queen Mary, Universal Studios, and all of theprofessional sports venues and entertainment complexes of Los Angeles (Cityof Compton, 2 6d). City Treasurer's Office . (2 6). Administrative services. (2 6). School enrollment in the city ofindividuals age 3 and over is 33,171, with 11.7 percent of all students inpreschool and kindergarten, 75. WhileGovernor Arnold Schwarzenegger is working to overhaul the state's worker'scompensation system, this effort alone may not be sufficient to inducebusinesses to choose high-crime Compton over, for example, Carson orSacramento. The most well-known Latino gangs for example are the Compton Varrio Tortilla Flats, Compton Varrio 7 's, Compton Varrio Largo 36, and the Compton Varrio Alondra. The RLP provides a financing incentive, offering private financing for marginal business loans that would not occur with City involvement. Also significant in identifying the economic problems of the city arethe following issues: . The political environment of cities in the twentieth century. Related professional or business training . Course Reader, pp. Morgan and England (1999) recognize that improving humanresources and human capital may very well be an important element insustainable economic development for communities such as Compton. percent have achieved an associate'sdegree or attended some college programming, and 4.1 percent hold abachelor's degree. This strategy, coupled with focusing on high technology businessattraction is an excellent approach for the city of Compton because itneeds desperately to enhance the use of its urban poor and to advance itsdowntown business development. Additionally, the poor quality of the school system(though beyond the control of city government), coupled with the high crimerate, keeps businesses out of Compton. Information Technology Services (City of Compton, 2 6b, p. Credit History . With respect to crime (a major problem inhibiting economicdevelopment in Compton and likely to be influencing the willingness ofbusinesses to locate in the city), the following general information isrelevant: The city has at times been notorious for gang violence, a reputation perhaps popularised by the rise to prominence of local gangsta rap group N.W.A. These conflicts have done little to resolve themultiple social, economic and law enforcement problems faced in Compton,where a growing Latino population and an established African-Americancommunity are often in conflict via gang activity (Compton, California,2 6; Davis, 1994). Course Reader, 175-182.Lee, D. Human Resources . Brief History/Overview of City Government Compton was incorporated on May 11, 1888, and named for Griffith D.Compton, the leader of the settlers who founded the city. It is also useful in that through theestablished Business Assistance Center, Compton has in place the basicadministrative structure which could advance its growth. water-born international trade and asmall general aviation airport located in the city (Compton, California,2 6). Compton's notoriety as a dangerous city is exaggerated by the rise of the gangsta rap group N.W.A, among others. The rise of the creative class. City Manager's Office . The first recommendation offered is that Compton pursue the financialwherewithal either through state and federal grant money or in apartnership with the business community to replicate what has happenedrecently in Fullerton, California where the downtown area has enjoyed arevival that is now being driven by creating technology-rich environmentsemploying wi-fi zones (Lin, 2 5). (2 6b). Among these problems, economic development designed toattract businesses and industries that will provide the work opportunitiesneeded to attract and expand a white-collar, professional work force aswell as to enhance the opportunities available for blue collar and servicesector workers as well. It also has the Alameda Corridor, apassageway for 25 percent of all U.S. 2) offered the followingbrief description of the area encompassed by the city: The City of Compton is known as the "Hub City" because of its unique position in almost the exact geographical canter of Los Angeles County. These strategies include, in addition tothose listed above: The Business Assistance Center through the City's Commercial Loan Program offers business financing to Compton business owners for working and expansion capital purposes. 217-236. More cities seeing wi-fi zones as destinations. Educationally, as also demonstrated in the appendices, some 21.1percent of all individuals age 25 and older in Compton have completed ahigh school degree, an additional 21. Secondly, a major problem in Compton is the inadequate tax base ofthe city and its higher than acceptable or desirable municipal taxstructure (Parkes, 2 1). The government of the cityis a mixed form, including both an elected mayor serving four year termsand a four-member elected council as well as a professional city manager.Compton (2 6a, p. Compton's crime is due mainly to its economic condition and its location as the center of the South Bay "ghettos" . (2 6). (Compton, California, 2 6, p. Compton has experienced significant changes in the past severaldecades including a deteriorating tax base, increases in municipaltaxation, dramatic demands for improved and expanded city services, andpopulation shifts (Compton, California, 2 6). percent n grades 1 through 12, and 13.3percent of students enrolled in college-level programs (Area Connect, 2 6;epodunk.com, 2 6). Census and may therefore be slightly out of date, especially withrespect to total population levels, income and cost of rented or purchasedhousing. The Compton city government (2 6c, p. This creates a situationin which competition for political influence occurs largely between African-Americans and Hispanics, the two largest minority ethnic groups. (2 6). Los Angeles Times. Census Bureau, 2 Census; ePodunk | 1).Thus, as described by Morgan and England (1999), Compton's "mixed" form ofcity government includes both an elected mayor and "legislative assembly"backed by a professional administrative services unit with day-to-daymanagerial and oversight functions vis-à-vis governmental activities on allfronts. during the 198 s. About Compton: Demographics. The BAC provides loan packaging assistance, financial projections and financial referrals. . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city contains atotal area of 26.4 square kilometers or 1 .2 square miles, of which only .2 kilometers squared ( .1 square miles) is water (Compton, California,2 6). Tax increment financing isthe particular approach that seems most likely to bring about a revival inCompton. Renter-occupied housing units account for 9,619 ofthe housing units available; median rent is $529 per month. Census Bureau, 2 Census; ePodunk |Metro area: Los Angeles-Long Beach| ||COMPTON | |CA | |US || || | | | | | | | | || ||EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT || || || || ||Population 25 and older || || || || ||High school graduates (includes equivalency) || ||Some college, or associate's degree || ||Bachelor's degree || ||Master's, professional or doctorate degree || || ||SCHOOL ENROLLMENT || || || || ||Population 3 years and over enrolled in school || || || || ||Preschool and kindergarten || ||Grades 1-12 || ||College || ||Sources: U.S. The applicant's business must be located in the City of Compton. (2 6a). The police have to this date (25 Dec 2 5) received over 2 guns. Thesebusinesses could provide training programs in high tech and other fields tounemployed or underemployed youth that are involved in gang activity inCompton. The politics of revenue and spending Policies. Only 1.8 percent of all Compton residents have aMaster's professional or doctoral degree. R., & England, R. Owner investment in the business . (1994). The amount of financing is determined by: . Given that Compton is acity in which a substantial portion of the minority group populations havean affiliation with or fondness for certain musical genres, one developmentstrategy would be reconstructing the downtown Compton area as an enclave inwhich creatively oriented businesses in such fields as music, drama, thegraphic arts, and so forth are located in close proximity to high techservice centers. Recently in an effort to combat this gun violence the Compton citizens gave the option to hand over their guns to the police, and receive a $1 check for various goods. This particular analyst calls for creating in addition to play-and-pay communities, plug-and-play communities that capitalize uponInternet and other communications technologies that have creative centerswhich offer multiple employment opportunities. The Alameda Corridor, a passageway for 25 percent of all U.S. (2 5). Controller's Office . Some 28.
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