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BANGLADESH.
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Discusses regime rule of the 20th Century.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses regime rule of the 20th Century. British colonial rule of India. Relationship of religion in regime changes. Hindu and Muslim influence in East Bengal (Bangladesh). Political goals of the Muslim League. Indian control of East Pakistan which became Bangladesh in 1971. Conflicts and volatile political situation of the new country.

Paper Introduction:
Bangladesh 20th Century Regimes The history of regime rule during the 20th century in what is now Bangladesh represents one of colonialism, conflict and change. Formerly a part of Bengal, Bangladesh was part of British-ruled India at the outset of the twentieth century. Religion played an important rule in regime changes. Bengal’s history includes Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim influence that continues to influence politics and create conflict in the region. Bangladesh was ruled as part of Bengal by British India until 1947 (Bangladesh, 2003, 1). However, in 1905 Bengal was divided in two. British governor general, Lord George Curzon, divided Bengal into east and west partitions. Bangladesh represents what was then Eastern Bengal. Muslims enjoyed a good deal of influence in East B

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However, it is notso much real differences that make political stability difficult to achieveas it is the conflicting personalities of leaders of the BangladeshNationalist Party and the Awami League. In October, 2 1,elections, Khaleda Zia again won the prime ministership" (Bangladesh, 2 3,2). Founding President Sheikh Mujibur was assassinated in 1975 andsucceeded by Ziaur Rahman. India won many captives in the conflict and control of a majorportion of East Pakistan, what is now Bangladesh. East Pakistan's Awami Leaguewanted independence from West Pakistan. ReferencesBangladesh. Millions of Bengali refugeesfled to India. (1988). (2 3). As one historian notes "Pakistan's history for the next 26years was marked by political instability and economic difficulties"(Virtual, 2 3, 2). BBC News. Cripplingstrikes and trade blockages caused the economy and living conditions torapidly deteriorate. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/country_profiles/116 598.stm, 1- 3.Virtual Bangladesh: History and overview. Tensions became so great that the government was forced toimpose military rule from 1958 to 1962 and again from 1969 to 1972. As mandated by the Bangladesh Constitution,in 2 1 new elections were held with a caretaker government overseeing theprocess. Bangladesh 2 th Century Regimes The history of regime rule during the 2 th century in what is nowBangladesh represents one of colonialism, conflict and change. Bangladesh represents what was then Eastern Bengal.Muslims enjoyed a good deal of influence in East Bengal and like Hinduleaders pressed "for a greater degree of independence" (Virtual, 2 3, 1). The armystepped up its efforts against the East Pakistan dissidents and Rahman wasjailed and the Awami League Party banned. True to history, Zia's partwas in constant tension and conflict with the Awami League. Theclash between East and West Pakistan would come to a head in 1971. The center-right Bangladesh NationalPart won a plurality of seats and formed a coalition government with theIslamic fundamentalist party, Jamaat-e-Islami. In 1991 an interim government orchestrated the most free and fairelections in Bangladesh's history. Formerly apart of Bengal, Bangladesh was part of British-ruled India at the outset ofthe twentieth century. Therefore political stability inBangladesh will not become a reality until opposing parties can find a wayto form a coalition government that works together for the good of itspeople. The two women have remained in control of Bangladesh politicsinto the 21st century, "Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina completed her five-year term as prime minister in July 2 - the first leader to do so sincethe country gained independence from Pakistan in 1974. While the Bangladesh National Party won this election, KhaledaZia's government continues to struggle in its efforts to achieve politicalstability in the region. Despite opposition to parliament, theAwami League was the first party in Bangladesh history to fulfill thelength of its term of office. Major Zia was Ziaur Rahman who would becomethe President of Bangladesh. (Nov 1, 2 2). The Hindu Indian National Congress and the Muslim League weresignificant groups with respect to social and political influence. Available: http://history19 s.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.in foplease.com/ipa/A 1 7317.html, 1-3.Bangladesh: A country study. By the mid-195 s, dominion status was rejected by Muslims whodesired an "Islamic Republic within the Commonwealth" (Virtual, 2 3, 2).The efforts at achieving civilian political rule in Pakistan wereunsuccessful. War between India and Pakistan erupted in late 1971, withPakistan's inferior forces defeated in little more than a month ofconflict. As one account maintains, "The 'independent sovereign of Bangladesh'was first proclaimed in a radio message on March 26, 1971...two days latera Major Zia would form a new government with himself occupying thepresidency" (Study, 1988, 6). They devised a name for a Muslim state, Pakistan.The Pakistan period would begin in 1947, when Britain withdrew from India.Pakistan consisted of two primarily Islamic regions of India, now WestPakistan and East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh). Bengal's history includes Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim influencethat continues to influence politics and create conflict in the region.Bangladesh was ruled as part of Bengal by British India until 1947(Bangladesh, 2 3, 1). The first was Khaleda Zia who was the wife of former presidentZiaur Rahman and the other was Sheikh Hasina Wazed, Shiek Mujibur'sdaughter. Bangladesh remains one of the world's most populous countries thatrepresents one of the world's least developed. Khaleda Zia was thechairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Awash in a wave of violent protests andalleged corruption, Ershad was forced to resign in December, 199 . Because of religious, economic and political differences, tensionbetween East and West Pakistan was the norm. SheikhMujibur Rahman's Awami League Party had won 167 seats in the NationalAssembly out of a possible 313, mainly because of its agenda that includedgreater independence for East Pakistan (Virtual, 2 3, 2). As one historian maintains, "Theantagonism between the Awami League, which governed until the end of itsterm in 2 1, and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party reflect personalanimosity between their leaders rather than substantial ideologicaldifferences" (Profile, 2 2, 1). Iqbal furtheredMuslim League goals by calling for a Muslim nation "based on unity oflanguage, race, history, religion, and identity of economic interests"(Study, 1988, 4). Available: http://history19 s.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2 .loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html, 1-4 .Country profile: Bangladesh. TheMuslim League was instrumental in helping form the concept of two nationsthat arose during the 193 s and 194 s. However, in 19 5 Bengal was divided in two.British governor general, Lord George Curzon, divided Bengal into east andwest partitions. The creation ofIndia and Pakistan bifurcated the Muslim nation in Pakistan, separated byIndian lands. Its government needs tofind a way to work together in order to meet the catastrophic issuesplaguing its people, including a public-health crisis and severedeficiencies in health, nutrition and education. The history of Bangladesh from the 197 s tothe 199 s was not one of much less tension or conflict than the periodduring the regimes of East and West Pakistan. Various political and religious factions continue to makepolitical stability difficult to come by in the region. Hasina Wazed became thenew Prime Minister of Bangladesh. In conclusion, we can see that the history of regime rule inBangladesh is one of colonialism, conflict and change in the twentiethcentury. In 1996 elections were held with the Awami Leaguewinning the most seats in the National Assembly. Available: http://history19 s.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.vi rtualbangladesh.com/history/overview.html, 1-5. As one historian explains,"Bangladesh spent 15 years under military rule and, although democracy wasrestored in 199 , the political scene remains volatile" (Profile, 2 2, 1). (Jan 22, 2 3). Sir Muhammad Iqbal pressed for aconfederated state of India representing a Muslim state. Religion played an important rule in regimechanges. Duringthe 199 s various prime ministers would rule Bangladesh, including twowomen. Seven years later after numerous tensions,General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, the chief of staff of the military, tookcontrol in a bloodless coup. The Muslim League did not view India as one country andcalled for partition. Further, West Pakistan held the"lion's share of the political and economic power" (Bangladesh, 2 3, 2).Shiek Mujubur Rahman, considered the father of Bangladesh, founded theAwami League and fought for an independent Muslim state.

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