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ASIAN IMMIGRANTS.
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Discusses racial discrimination.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses racial discrimination. U.S. policies that institutionalized discrimination toward Asians in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Chinese immigrants in California. Need for cheap, immigrant labor. The Chinese Exclusion Act & its repeal. Internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Post WWII immigration reform policies. Increase in Asians immigrating to the U.S. after 1965.
Paper Introduction:
Unlike European immigrants, Asian immigrants have been victimized by U.S. policies that allowed the institutionalization of racial discrimination. During the 1870’s, 70,000 Chinese found their way to the US because of economic distress and dislocation on the Mainland, a figure which rose to over 100,000 in the 1880’s. Racism against Asians and the fear of competition brought in by foreign workers who were willing to work in unskilled jobs for extremely low wages brought about the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This Act made it unlawful for laborers of Chinese descent to enter the US. This prohibition was further enlarged in 1888 to encompass ‘all persons of Chinese race’ origins.
Large numbers of specific immigrant groups (Mexicans, Haitians) have often lead to resentment and result in calls from isola
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Without immigrants the rapid development of the country would not havebeen possible. The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 limited the number of Filipino immigrants to 5 per year. During the 19th and early 2 th centuries (about 182 to 193 ), about6 % of the world's immigrants entered the United States. in wider varieties. The Chinese Exclusionary Act of 1882 barred the immigration of Chinese laborers. Americans of Asian and Pacific Island descent have been subjected to discriminatory laws that have prevented their right to become, and be seen as, Americans: . Dianne. (Feinstein, 2 1) In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act established reforms that madeadvances for Asians and Pacific Islanders while reaffirming manyexclusionary policies of pre-existing American immigration policy. This Act made it unlawful for laborers of Chinesedescent to enter the US. Barred Chinese from naturalization. policies that allowed the institutionalization of racialdiscrimination. One way to avoid the hysteria that led to the 1882 Act and thedestruction of people and property that followed is by providing equalaccess to the legal system to the minority and raising community awarenessof civil rights legislation, both of which are essential in preventing andeducating about anti-Asian violence. There was a strong market for cheap, unskilled labor just asthere had been for the slave trade in earlier years, and profits to be madeimporting immigrants fueled the cheap labor market. A nationwide recessionin the 188 's brought hysteria to the young nation regarding the Chinesetaking jobs and more. initiated legislation under the guise of war reforms that wereaccelerated during the Cold War and the Civil Rights Era. "Asian Americans in the Modern Northwest".Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. b. d. Permitted Chinese laborers already in the United States to remain in the country after a temporary absence. In order to protect themselves, Californiansset about through legislation to limit the Chinese from economic activitiesand land-ownership. Sadly, our Nation has a long history of discrimination against Americans of Asian and Pacific Island ancestry. political leaders formed immigration lawsand reform policies as tools for furthering American interests abroad andshaping American foreign policy. Unlike European immigrants, Asian immigrants have been victimized byU.S. Dianne Feinstein'sspeech to the Senate attests to specific facts of endorsed Asian Americandiscrimination by our nation. In the 19th century, theUnited States was exploding with agricultural and then industrialexpansion. Theseimmigrants differed in many ways from those who had entered the U.S. Racism against Asians and thefear of competition brought in by foreign workers who were willing to workin unskilled jobs for extremely low wages brought about the ChineseExclusion Act of 1882. In 19 7, the 'Gentleman's Agreement' between the United States and Japan limited Japanese immigration to the United States. It stated "the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or, having so come after the expiration of said ninety days, to remain within the United States." http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.htm Specifically, the act provided for: a. Nonetheless, the idea of 'model minority' did suggest a more favorable view of Asian Americans than had existed before World War II. U.S. . . Permitted the entry of Chinese students, teachers, merchants, or those "proceeding to the United States ... The idea of 'model minority' was troublesome from a number of angles. Suspended immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States for ten years. e. A 1913 California law erected barriers to prevent Asian Americans from becoming landowners. Large numbers of specific immigrant groups (Mexicans, Haitians) haveoften lead to resentment and result in calls from isolationist politicosand nationalist groups to restrict the flow of immigrants. http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/hstaa432/lesson_22/hstaa432_22.html Kraut, Alan M. After 1965, the influx of Asian Americanimmigrants jumped tremendously. c. Theywere exploited, and some were accused by organized labor (unions) oflowering wages and living standards for birth residents. In California in the187 's, the state felt especially vulnerable to the large amounts ofChinese flooding its shores. Anotherfactor in this phenomenon was the philosophy of Manifest Destiny and theU.S.'s desire to populate all available space. "Asian Immigration and Exclusion, 19 6-1913".www.lexisnexis.com/academic/guides/immigration/ins/insa1.htm#intro Mainly,it abolished racial qualifications for citizenship while it dictated thatthe entry of immigrants should not be based solely on race and establishedannual quotas. The Immigration Act of 1917 prohibited immigration from nearly the entire Asia-Pacific region. Some groups of Asian Americans had by 197 attained on average more years of schooling than whites, for example, but that achievement did not translate into better or equal positions or pay in the working world. In the post World War II era, the U.S. (Findlay, 1998) R E F E R E N C E S Chinese Exclusion Act - Forty-Seventh Congress. Four years later, the national government reacted to the legislative attempts of the states by passing the Exclusion Act of 1882. In addition,the U.S. . the United Statesconfirmed that Japanese immigrants were non-white and thus ineligible forcitizenship. Immigrantsretained their Old Country ways by forming distinct ethnic neighborhoods,and remaining isolated from the wider culture by language barriers. Whenever there is a perceived economic, social, or political threatwithin a specific community, the U.S. Without a doubt, Asian Americans have suffered from unfounded and demagogic accusations of disloyalty. The National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration of persons ineligible for citizenship. . An excerpt of Sen. "The Growing Web ofSuspicion of Asian Americans" Senate Floor Speech.http://www.senate.gov/~feinstein/releases 1/ASIAN626.html Findlay, John. Asian Americans were not able to become citizens of the United States for over 16 years and the Supreme Court consistently upheld laws prohibiting citizenship for Asians and Pacific Islanders with the last of those laws not repealed until 1952. During the 197 's, the Asian population ofnewcomers was approximately 1.5 million to Europe's 84 , . These legislative reforms have created an extravagant impact on theAsian immigrant population. saw a marked ending to itsprevious isolationism policy and a birthing into its present role ofinternational leadership. utilizes the passage of exclusionaryimmigration policies to pacify the citizenry and quell the threat. For one thing, it encouraged the idea that discrimination against people of Asian descent had been completely replaced by admiration fro them, and such was not the case. Supreme Court in 1922 by Ozawa vs. from curiosity." (http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/statistics/LegisHist/45 .htm) The passage of the Act prompted angry mob attacks against Chinese andthe destruction of Chinese American communities throughout the Western US.On December 17, 1943, the Chinese exclusion laws were repealed. Session I.1882 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.htm "Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882 (22 Statutes-at-Large 58)".Immigration and Naturalization Service Statistics.http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/statistics/LegisHist/45 .htm Feinstein, Sen. . These immigrants have also beenaffected in their immigration experience by the change in attitude amongstthe 'host' population in that they met with much less hostility andresistance than the former immigrants of the earlier part of the century.Although, this ideal still brings with it some problems too. This prohibition was further enlarged in 1888 toencompass 'all persons of Chinese race' origins. (1995). During World War II, the worst of these anti-Asian actions wasimplemented against the Japanese-American population in the West as over1 , Japanese Americans, most of whom were legal citizens, wereincarcerated in internment camps solely on the basis of race. The attitude ofEuropean Descent Americans changed substantially so that as near as the197 's Asian Americans were considered by whites to be a 'model' minority.This and the aide packages offered to the Southeast Asians after theVietnam War opened the door to larger numbers of Asian immigrants coming tothe U.S. population records. The Workingmen succeeded in attaching numerous anti-Chinesearticles into a revision of the California State Constitution in 1878."(Kraut, 1995) a. Provided for deportation of Chinese illegally in the United States. Populationexpansion was integral to improving methods of transportation. Immigrants from Asia can now be naturalized, equal instatus to the rights of their children as born here and afforded theprivilege of citizenship under the 14th Amendment of the U.S.. (1998). Thenon-white status of Asians as applied to the 179 immigration act wastested in the U.S. While the earlier immigrants were laborers,the most recent immigrants carried with them a wider range of skills andtraining and they came as families. During World War II, we witnessed one the worst acts of discrimination against any group of Americans, the internment of 12 , patriotic and loyal Americans of Japanese ancestry. On the state level, in California, "Dennis Kearney organized hisWorkingman's party to make anti-Chinese sentiment a partisan politicalissue. . They alsoresult in bias against certain immigrant populations. (June 21, 2 1). It isinteresting to note that this policy of exclusion appears directed solelyat the continent of Asia and is fairly recent in historical context. Additionally, the high birthrates among immigrantpopulations significantly swelled the U.S. During the 187 's, 7 , Chinese found their way to theUS because of economic distress and dislocation on the Mainland, a figurewhich rose to over 1 , in the 188 's. in thelate 188 's to early 193 's.
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