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ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND INJURIES.
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Essay Subject:
Centers on children, the elderly & the physically disabled in the U.S. and Africa.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
11 sources, 15 Citations, APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Centers on children, the elderly & the physically disabled in the U.S. and Africa. Unintentional and nonfatal injuries, and their causes. Environmental hazards facing U.S. children. Injuries, violence and fall-related deaths of U.S. elderly. Unique set of environmental hazards faced by U.S. handicapped. Famine, disease, unsanitary conditions and civil disturbances as hazards in Africa.

Paper Introduction:
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND INJURIES This research paper will present environmental hazards and injuries for children, the elderly person, and the physically challenged person in the United States and Africa. Specific health services in the community will also be discussed. U.S. Hazards and Injuries Hazards and Injuries for Children Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for those ages 1 to 21; nonfatal injuries are more common. The community poses threats with vehicles, backyard swimming pools, firearms, kerosene heaters, and more. Low-income results in swimming pools with no protective fencing and a lack of supervision. Leading causes of fatal injuries are motor vehicles, fires, drowning, falls, and poisoning (NCIPC, 2001a). Other hazards a

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Injuries arerelated to armed conflict and psychological problems of persecution andflight. CDC. Health Psychology, 12(1), 74-85. (2 1a).Falls and hip fractures among older. Higher prevalence rates of scurvyand pellagra are found in women than in men and pregnancy is a risk factorfor developing clinical scurvy (CDC, 1992). ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND INJURIES This research paper will present environmental hazards and injuriesfor children, the elderly person, and the physically challenged person inthe United States and Africa. (2 1a).Facts on adolescent injury. Found online at:www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dh/center.htm Riverside Community Care. All deaths due to falls increase with age and arehigher for men (22% more likely than women). A lack of power doors, places forwheelchairs or chairs to sit, handles or rails, or telephone assistance, orclutter left in spaces, results in hazard (NCBDD, 2 1). References Center For Disease Control (CDC). Service organizations and public health agencies besides the Centerfor Disease Control, the National Center for Environmental Health Divisionof emergency and Environmental Health Services, and the InternationalEmergency and Refugee Health Branch Publications, are of assistance withgathering of information and resolutions of hazards in developingcountries. The opportunities of adolescence-research,interventions, and policy introduction to the special issue. Community Health Services The CDC's Environmental Public Health Services Activity providessupport for environmental health professionals in communities.Environmental hazards are investigated and resolved with the help of theCDC and NCEH and other local offices of environmental health hazardassessment. Africa Hazards and Injuries Famine, communicable diseases, poverty, debt, civil disturbances,unsanitary conditions, violence, and underemployment are all environmentalhazards leading to injury and death in parts of Africa. Chronic exposure to an environmental hazard riskperceptions and self-protective behavior. Stevens, J. Problems with gait orbalance, disabilities, medications, dementia, and visual impairment lead tofalls. Most falls take place in the home, women areat greater risk as are people 85 years and older. MMWR,41(RR-13), 1-77. Surveillance for injuries and violence among older adults. In addition to PEM, micronutrient deficiencies (lack of vitamin Aand iron) are found which result in childhood problems. Takanishi (1993) reported that adolescence is associated with thehazards of violence, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, mental disorders,depression, suicide, pregnancy, and HIV. (1993). Specific health services in the communitywill also be discussed. In addition to national organizationsproviding community health services, each area has its own centers such aspoison control centers, or health centers providing physical and mentalhealth care to all ages. M., Durant, T. A., Hasbrouck, L. The community poses threatswith vehicles, backyard swimming pools, firearms, kerosene heaters, andmore. Malnutrition results inhigher risk of catching measles, diarrheal disease, malaria, and acuterespiratory infections (CDC, 1992). Famine-affected, refugee,and displaced populations: Recommendations for public health issues. CDC. MMWR,48(SS 8), 27-5 . CDC. Hazards and InjuriesHazards and Injuries for Children Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for those ages1 to 21; nonfatal injuries are more common. The Disability and Business Technical Assistance Center amongothers, provides information and standards to assist the physicallychallenged (CDC, 1998; NCBDD, 2 1). (1992). National Center for Environmental Health, CDC. (1993). These include the World Health Organization, the Pan AmericanHealth Organization, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, theUnited States Agency for International Development, and private voluntaryorganizations of refugee situations. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). Fall-related deaths are also a problem (8,5 in1996), as are motor vehicle-related injuries or deaths (7, /year),suicides, and homicides. Hazards are a lack of:protective hip pads, impact-absorbing floors, improved design in motorvehicles, changes in traffic and pedestrian environments, behavior of olderdrivers, and interventions to prevent homicide, violence, and suicide. (2 1a).Childhood injury fact sheet. M., Dellinger, A. M.,Batabyal, P. (2 1a).Pedestrian injury prevention. Leading causes of fatal injuries are motorvehicles, fires, drowning, falls, and poisoning (NCIPC, 2 1a). AmericanPsychologist, 48(2), 85-87. U.S. E., Valluru, B. Scurvy, pellagra,anemia, xerophyhalmia with night blindness and Bitot's spots, progressingto corneal xerosis, ulceration and scarring, and blindness are found.Vitamin A deficiency leads to childhood mortality (CDC, 1992).Hazards and Injuries for the Elderly Hazards for the elderly include famine, communicable diseases,poverty, debt, civil disturbances, unsanitary conditions, violence, andunderemployment. Environmental factors removing barriers to health care aguide for health professionals. U.S. Environmental hazards in the home or work place include slippery oruneven floors, poor lighting, unstable furniture and loose rugs, andobjects on the floor. (1999). Vaughan, E. (2 1). Found online at:www.cic.gov/ncipe/factsheets/pedes.htm National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities(NCBDDD). TheNCIPC (2 1c) reported that falls for the elderly result in spinal cord andbrain injury, and fractures. CDC. Otherhazards are lead exposure, air pollution, contamination of goods, watercontamination, and pesticides (CDC, 1998). K., Crosby, A. Other hazards are traffic accidents, poor sidewalks,lack of pedestrian paths, and alcohol (NCIPC, 2 1d).Hazards and Injuries for the Physically Challenged The physically challenged also face a unique set of environmentalhazards. (2 1). Department of Health and Human Services, PublicHealth Service. Males are at a greater risk.Hazards are motor vehicle crashes, lack of seat belt use, and alcoholconsumption (NCIPC, 2 1b).Hazards and Injuries for the Elderly Stevens, Hasbrouck, Durant, Dellinger, Batabyal, Crosby, Valluru,Kresnow and Guerrero (1999) reported that injuries and violence are commonfor those 65 and older. Famine can be a result of natural disastersuch as drought or crop infestations, poor food production, or economicchanges (CDC, 1992).Hazards and Injuries for Children Environmental hazards affecting children include famine,malnutrition, and exposure to communicable disease. Found online at:www.riversidecc.org/ Takanishi, R. Programs to assist developingcountries include Health Information Systems, Diarrheal Disease ControlPrograms, Expanded Programs for Endemic Communicable Diseases, NutritionPrograms, and Continuing Education Programs for Health Workers. (1998). CDC. CDC's environmental hazardsepidemiology response. Access toservices is poor for most; local health services attempt to determine easeof access and evaluate conditions and needs for medicines, equipment,personnel, and services (CDC, 1992). Found online at:www.cic.gov/ncipe/factsheets/falls.htm National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). For example Riverside Community Care, found inover 5 Massachusetts cities and towns provides adult mental health andsubstance abuse care, mental retardation and child and family services, andservices by area that are responsive (24-hour mobile care and residentialcare), accessible, flexible (based on need), culturally and physicallysensitive, and cost effective (Riverside Community Care, 2 1). The elderly are at risk for morbidity and mortality due tofamine, crowded conditions, and unsanitary conditions (CDC, 1992).Hazards and Injuries for the Physically Challenged These conditions are particularly difficult for the physicallychallenged including the disabled, pregnant women, the poor, the elderly,women, and young children. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is either acute or chronic andresults in decreased height and weight; children under 5 years are the mostaffected. Found online at:www.cic.gov/ncipe/factsheets/childh.htm National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). Found online at:www.cic.gov/ncipe/factsheets/adoles.htm National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). Anemia is prevalent in pregnant women.Morbidity and mortality related to pregnancy and childbirth is notadequately documented, however high anemia and hepatitis-specific mortalityrates for pregnant women are reported. Low-income results in swimming pools with no protective fencing anda lack of supervision. In addition to the hazards that affect everyone else, thehandicapped faces a hazard when they are unable to access their goal due toa lack of environmental protection. R., Kresnow, M., & Guerrero, J.L. High rates of physical disabilities are caused by war injuries.Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV are a hazard as well.Communicable diseases include measles due to a lack of immunization andmalnutrition, diarrheal diseases (primarily due to inadequate water supply,quality and quantity) and unsanitary conditions, cholera, acute respiratoryinfections, tuberculosis which is spread by crowded living conditions andpoor nutrition, malaria due to malnutrition and anemia, hepatitis which isa serious problem in camps at the Horn of Africa which suffer from a lackof clean water, and meningitis. Center For Disease Control (CDC). Adults and the elderly frequently face unemployment andpoverty; males or whole families migrate to neighboring areas to seekemployment.

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