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THE INFLUENTIAL DECADE OF 1910-1920.
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Cites social, political, economic & artistic accomplishments of the decade.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Cites social, political, economic & artistic accomplishments of the decade. Long-term impact of the 1917 Russian Revolution & growth of power of the Soviet Union. World War I and its effects. Emigration to the U.S. of European immigrants. The Lost Generation. Post war prosperity in the U.S. Effect of Stock Market Crash.
Paper Introduction:
The issue of which decade should be considered the more influential creates a dilemma, for the 1980s are simply too recent to be judged properly, while the influence of the period from 1910 to 1920 is much more apparent and clearly reached far. The two decades are related primarily because the years between them constitute the lifespan of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union came into existence with the Russian Revolution in 1917 and ended with the breakup of the union in 1989. We know what effect the founding of the Soviet Union had on the next seventy years of history and on much of the world, while the consequences of the breakup are only beginning to be discerned and have only had a decade to make any difference at all. By any measure, socially, politically, economically, and artistically, the period from 1910 to 1920 was certainly more
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Revolutionary Russia, 1917. Endnotes -----------------------1 John M. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1976.Lewis, L.N. By any measure, socially, politically, economically, andartistically, the period from 191 to 192 was certainly more influentialthan the 198 s, which may prove more influential in the long run, but whichhave not done so yet. The conference convened onJanuary 18, 1919. Thedefeat of Germany led to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and thatdocument was intended to lead to a new and more peaceful world. The result was a period of modernization that tested theparameters of Russian society and that helped to create a revolutionarysituation: "Both the knowledge and the aspirations of the masses increaseddramatically, so that appeals for revolutionary change not only reachedmore people but found among them a readier response."[ii] The other major political action of the decade was World War I. President Woodrow Wilson favored a conciliatory settlementbased on the liberal principles of his Fourteen Points, which includednational self-determination in Europe among its goals. The German people were tobear the costs of occupation.[iii] As noted, one of the primary effects of World War I was World War II. Taylor writes, "The Second World War was, in large part, a repeatperformance of the first."[iv] The Germans at the end of the war wereforced to surrender large amounts of war material, to withdraw their forcesbehind the Rhine, and to hand over their fleet for internment. The 27 nations represented at theConference had conflicting plans for peace, so the sessions were tumultuousand the resulting treaties controversial. The masses from Europe were more or lesswelcomed as cheap labor, and the immigrants in turn found cheaper land andhigher pay than they had known in Europe.[vii] In 1917, an Immigration Actwas passed to restrict the entry of immigrants, especially illiteratelaborers from central and Eastern Europe, and this marked the beginning ofa great change in American immigration policy. The Treaty of Versailles wasthe result of the Paris Peace Conference, organized by the victors tosettle the issues raised by the war. Thearmistice as used by the Allies changed the shape of Europe and shiftedpower away from Germany: "They were anxious to ensure that the Germannation acknowledged defeat. Susman, Culture as History New York: Pantheon Books, (1984),12 .----------------------- 1 The system was made permanent with the National Origins Actof 1924, now based on the ethnic composition of the United States asreflected in the 192 census, with entry limited to 2 percent of the numberof people living in the U.S.[viii] Immigration policy also became tied tofears about Communists and other agitators from foreign shores. The issue of which decade should be considered the more influentialcreates a dilemma, for the 198 s are simply too recent to be judgedproperly, while the influence of the period from 191 to 192 is much moreapparent and clearly reached far. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York: Atheneum,1985), 18.5 Ibid., 23.6 Ibid., 24.7 L.N. The Treaty imposed a fifteen-year occupation of the left bank ofthe Rhine and the demilitarization of a zone 3 miles wide on the rightbank. Berkeley: Nolo Press, 1993.Susman, Warren I. To achievethis, though, the victors believed they had to bind Germany so that theGerman military would never again be able to threaten the rest of Europe.There was more than a slight element of punishment in the provisions placedupon Germany by the victors, though the victors did not fully agree amongthemselves as to the proper course to take. Thompson, Revolutionary Russia, 1917 (New York: CharlesScribner's Sons, 1981), 1.2 Ibid., 4.3 H. The war took an idealistic generation and left it disillusionedand lost--indeed, it became known as the Lost Generation, and in the 192 sthis group seemed to flounder in an era of chaos, an era marked by theillegalities of Prohibition, an age where making money on the stock marketseemed easy, and yet an age that lacked a moral foundation or a sense ofdirection, and the decade was a period when many "spent considerable time,energy, and talent in trying to mend what had become apparent to many, eachoften in his own way, as a broken world."[ix] The American economy had been built up to produce what was needed forthe war, and after the war there was a period of unprecedented prosperity.Much of this proved illusory as stocks were over-valued, leading at the endof the decade to the stock market crash in 1929 and the Great Depression inthe 193 s, an event for which the seeds were sown by the First world Warand which in turn contributed to many of the forces that would lead toWorld War II. Contemporary Europe: A History. For half a century Russia had been in some turmoil: "Until1861 Russia had for 3 years been a predominantly agricultural systemmaintained by the labor and taxes of peasant-serfs."[i] The peasant-serfswere tied to the land in a system that endured for three centuries, but inthe nineteenth century the system was seen as increasingly inefficient.The Industrial Revolution did not affect Russia until the last quarter ofthe century. Lewis, How to Get a Green Card (Berkeley: Nolo Press, 1993), 1/3.8 Ibid., 1/4-1/5.9 Warren I. While the treaty was designed toprovide security against a new German aggression, it could only work withthe cooperation of the German government. The Allies also sought to prevent Germany from ever again becoming amajor military power and so forbade the country from building offensiveweapons, including airplanes and submarines. . The Revolution was the culmination of a long period of ferment, notthe beginning. French premierGeorges Clemenceau, however, was most interested in securing his countryagainst future German attack and took a different position. The Origins of the Second World War. Clearly, it did not achieve this lofty goal. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.Taylor, A.J.P. Culture as History. Many believethat the Treaty of Versailles and other treaties, agreements, and policiesthat emerged from this Conference contributed directly to the maintenanceof tensions in Europe over the next two decades and led inevitably to WorldWar II. A.J.P. Germany and the other defeated Central Powers were notpermitted to sit at the conference tables, and the four major victoriouspowers--Britain, France, Italy, and the United States--dominated theproceedings. BibliographyHughes, H. Stuart. Taylor states, "The First WorldWar left 'the German question' unsolved, indeed making it ultimately moreacute."[vi] Between 182 and 191 , at least 38 million Europeans arrived in theUnited States, the result of a number of forces including the NapoleonicWars; political disturbances in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Greece, andPoland; the Potato Famine in Ireland; religious persecutions ofProtestants, Catholics, and Jews in Czarist Russia and other parts ofEurope; the Industrial Revolution that created thousands of unemployedworkers and peasants; and a rigid social structure that supported a closedaristocracy and upper class. The two decades are related primarilybecause the years between them constitute the lifespan of the Soviet Union. The German army was limitedto a professional force of 1 , men, and there was an even more drasticceiling placed on the navy, with the added provision that Germany had tosurrender the larger part of its merchant fleet. After World War I, Americafaced hard times so that the immigrant became the scapegoat for hard times. We know what effect thefounding of the Soviet Union had on the next seventy years of history andon much of the world, while the consequences of the breakup are onlybeginning to be discerned and have only had a decade to make any differenceat all. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981. One of the key forces shaping the 192 s was a holdover from the FirstWorld War. ."[v] Taylor finds that the Allies did notaccomplish their task as intended, for the treaty and other conditions,while they seemed to force Germany to acknowledge defeat, also acknowledgedthe legitimacy of the German government. Stuart Hughes, Contemporary Europe: A History (Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, 1976), 12 -121.4 A.J.P. The Soviet Union came into existence with the Russian Revolution in 1917and ended with the breakup of the union in 1989. A tight national-origins policy was instituted in 1921 as a temporarymeasure, and total immigration was limited to about 35 , per year, withimmigration from each country in a given year limited to 3 percent of allnationals from the country who were living in the United States during the191 census. New York: Atheneum, 1985.Thompson, John M. TheFirst World War, known then as the Great War, was also supposed to be thewar to end all wars. How to Get a Green Card. The Great Depression in the 193 s signaled a world economicdisorder that was difficult for the various countries of the world toweather and that presented them with a problem they only dimly understood.
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