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Discusses long term consequences of the disorder.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses long term consequences of the disorder. Large increase in number of obese adults and children. Obesity as a concern to the medical profession, and nurses in particular. Direct health consequences of obesity and long term conditions including diabetes, arthritis, stroke, kidney disease, heart disease plus emotional suffering. Importance of nursing interventions to deal with prevention and treatment.
Paper Introduction:
THE LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF
OBESITY AND NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Introduction
According to Wellman and Friedberg (2002), obesity in America may be properly classified as an epidemic that continues to spread. The authors note that the number of both overweight and obese U.S. adults and children are, respectively, 61 and 14 percent. Among U.S. adults between the ages of 20 and 74 years, the prevalence of overweight (defined as BMI 25.0-29.9) has increased from 33 percent in 1980 to 35 percent in 1999. Further, when obesity is defined as BMI >/= 30, research indicates that the rate has nearly doubled from approximately 15 percent in 1980 to 27 percent in 1999. Statistics such as these clearly show that obesity is of grave concern to the medical profession in general and nurses
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(1992). adults between the ages of2 and 74 years, the prevalence of overweight (defined as BMI 25. Among U.S. THE LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY AND NURSING INTERVENTIONS Introduction According to Wellman and Friedberg (2 2), obesity in America may beproperly classified as an epidemic that continues to spread. W., Attia, J. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 9(2), 12-24.Lean, M. & Friedberg, B. Causes and consequences of adult obesity: Health, social and economic impacts in the United States. (2 2). In this regard, the authors note thatAmerican society emphasizes physical appearance and equates attractivenesswith slimness. Other nursing interventions are aimed at specific target groups. & Feldman, W.F. It was furthernoted that nurses have available to them a variety of interventions.However, the literature showed that regardless of the interventionselected, nurses should take care to ensure that patients had not onlyimmediate help but also long term help specifically aimed at maintainingany gains that resulted from initial interventions. As the authors put it: Obesity burdens the health care system, strains economic resources, and has far reaching social consequences. He further notes that nurses must alsoserve to help those suffering from these consequences and teach them tolearn new lifestyle behaviors and eating patters as part of helping them todevelop a self-care approach. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 16 , 513-525.Fair, J. Itwas noted that the consequences of the condition are multiple and includepsychological, emotional, social and physical problems. Indeed, Lean (2 2) reports that nurses have a pivotal role to play interms of ensuring that both adults and young people learn the facts relatedto the consequences of obesity. Thus, if nursesdevelop an obesity education program, they should also provide or makereferral to a long-term counseling program or some other type of programthat provides reinforcement of maintaining the weight loss over the long-term. These studies are said to show that long-term consequencesinclude diabetes, arthritis and other bone-related problems, high bloodpressure, stroke, kidney disease, gallbladder disease, and heart disease.In addition, Wellman and Friedberg (2 2) state that there are a number oflong-term psychosocial effects. It is noted that this program initially grew out of an attemptto help patients manage diabetes and the results were so successful, evenover long periods of time, that this intervention has now been expanded toother conditions which include weight problems and eating disorders. Long Term Consequences According to Wellman and Friedberg (2 2), a pivotal point tounderstand in looking at all of the long term consequences of obesity isthat the condition affects not only the health of the obese person butsociety in general. However, theynoted that medical service professionals such as nurses must be aware thatwithout follow-up treatment, there is a definite tendency for obese peopleto lose many of the gains they have made and slowly put the weight back on.Accordingly, it is recommended that interventions should all be directedtoward the long-term maintenance of a stable weight. Others put the cost of health care for obesity alone at $7 billion. The purpose of this paper is to examine thelong-term consequences of obesity and discuss their implications fornursing interventions. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 15(3), 183-188.Wellman, N. Douketis, Freightner, Attia and Feldman (1999) also found that nursinginterventions with patients suffering one or more of the long term healthconsequences of obesity can dramatically improve symptoms. The total cost of overweight and obesity by some estimates is $1 billion annually. & Berra, K. M. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11(Suppl 8), S7 2-S7 4.Popkess-Vawter S, & Patzel B. adults and childrenare, respectively, 61 and 14 percent. S. Nursing Interventions What steps can nurses take to deal with the problem of obesity insociety and so prevent and/or remediate some or all of the long-termconsequences of obesity? (2 2) Consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Shortridge-Baggett (2 1) notes that nursing interventions which aimat increasing obese patients' sense of self-efficacy have been fairlysuccessful. These interventions include: behavioral therapy,dietary interventions, exercise programs, obesity education programs, andcounseling. The authorsnote that the number of both overweight and obese U.S. ReferencesDouketis, J.D., Freightner, J. Theseimprovements are said to operate to help this group maintain weight loss. According to Douketis, Freightner, Attia andFeldman (1999), nurses use a variety of interventions in both preventionand treatment of obesity. Clinical handbook of weight management (2nd ed.) Lewisville, TX: J. Detection, prevention and treatment of obesity. Forexample, Popkess-Vawter and Patzel (1992) discuss a nursing interventionfor obese females who suffer from chronic lower back pain as a result oftheir weight. However, once again an emphasisis placed upon ensuring that there is some follow up to these programs sothat patients can maintain the gains they have made as time goes by. M. (2 1). Statistics such as these clearly show that obesity is of graveconcern to the medical profession in general and nurses in particular. Regarding direct health consequences to the individual, Loke (2 2)reports that many studies of the long term consequences are based onsamples of obese children and adolescents who are followed through intoadulthood. Consequently, many obese individuals experience a great dealof emotional suffering as a result of such things as prejudice ordiscrimination in the job market, school, and many other social situations.Feelings of rejection, shame, or depression are said to be common. Other annual costs associated with obesity are 4 million workdays of productivity lost, 63 million doctors' office visits made, and 239 million restricted activity days and 9 million bed-bound days (p. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literatureon these interventions and concluded that community-based obesityprevention methods are very ineffective. Further, whenobesity is defined as BMI >/= 3 , research indicates that the rate hasnearly doubled from approximately 15 percent in 198 to 27 percent in1999. Conclusions This paper examined the literature on the long-term consequences ofobesity and various nursing interventions currently used to help obesepatients either prevent or remediate some or all of these consequences. The authors point out that this target group tends to havevery negative self-concepts and body images and they need interventionsthat specifically improve these images and their self-concepts. Life-style changes and coronary heart disease: the influence of nonpharmacologic. S7 5). These interventions focus on teaching over-weight patients newbehaviors and in making several lifestyle changes that maintain weight lossover time. Compounded problem: chronic low back pain and overweight in adult females. (2 2). Orthopedic Nursing, 11(6), 31- 35.Shortridge-Baggett L. Y. Obesity is the seventh leading cause of death in the US. (1999). Self-efficacy: Measurement and intervention in nursing. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11(Suppl 8), S7 5-S7 9. Majors Company.Loke, K. (1995). Fair and Berra (1995) in a discussion of coronary heart diseaseassociated with obesity, report that nurse interventions emphasizing life-style habit change, exercise, and proper nutrition have also been fairlysuccessful in treating people with obesity. -29.9)has increased from 33 percent in 198 to 35 percent in 1999. A.
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