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SPORTS MEDICINE.
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Discusses major components.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses major components. Prevention of injuries. Recognition and treatment of injuries. Treatments and rehabilitation of athletes. Dangers of premature return to activity by athletes. Role of coaches and health care professionals. Psychological aspects of sports injuries (stress and anxiety). Goals of physiotherapists.
Paper Introduction:
The management of sports injuries has led to the development of a specialized field known as Sports Medicine. The major components of sports medicine are the prevention of injuries, the recognition and treatment of injuries, and rehabilitation of athletes from injuries (CAPS, 121). There is some overlap between these three entities because the early recognition and treatment of an injury can lead to full rehabilitation and reduce the risk of recurrence of the injury at a later date. Coaches need to be aware of preventive practices to reduce the number and severity of injuries in professional athletes. Coaches must understand how athletes need to prepare for performing their sport, such as making sure they have proper strength training and conditioning techniques, and use progressive skills development techniques. They must be aware of the causes of sports injuries so th
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Premature return to activity is one of the leading causes of seriousinjury to athletes, and the decision on when an athlete can return to fullactivity must be made by a health care professional (CAPS, 122). Brit. G. It is unlawful in many statesfor a coach to design or modify post-injury rehabilitation programsdesigned by physical therapists, or to use such modalities as ice packs,whirlpool, massage or passive and active stretching to promote recoveryfrom injury. Athletes who comply with rehabilitation programs,have a positive attitude towards their recovery, are highly motivated toovercome their injury, have determination, have a good understanding oftheir injury, and have good listening skills, recover quickly fromsports injuries. This is the fastestand safest way to recover from a sports injury. Teams may also hire a CertifiedAthletic Trainer (ATC), certified by the National Athletic TrainersAssociation Board of Certification, Inc. M., & Fuerst, M. Am. This can lead tolifelong problems and an early end to a promising career. They must be aware of the causes of sportsinjuries so they can help reduce the risk of them happening. They used short-term goals, variety in rehabilitation exercises, fullexplanations of injuries, and lots of encouragement as incentives forinjured athletes to adhere to rehabilitation programs and think positivelyabout their recovery. They found it just as effective as the analgesia inreducing pain, but only about one sixth as effective in improving musclefunction as measured by electromyelogram. The price of playing. J. Those who recover successfully have a positive attitude towards theirinjury, comply with treatment programs, and are highly motivated torecover. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. They are skilled in conditioningtechniques; injury prevention including taping and bracing; on-the-fielddiagnosis; and first aid for acute sports injuries (Levy and Fuerst, 266).EMS personnel can also provide valuable assistance when serious sportsinjuries occur. On the one hand,they know the athlete=s physical condition and how much permanent damagecould be done if he plays, but on the other, they are aware of the socialand financial pressures he faces if he doesn=t compete. 36 (2 2):61-64.Junge, A. The results of the survey showed thatphysiotherapists believed that psychological factors were an importantaspect of a sports injury and that they used a variety of psychologicalskills and techniques when they worked with athletes with sports injuries. Athletes need to establish an open relationship with a physicaltherapist so they can get the best advice on treatment. Allhealth care professionals who provide care to athletes must be qualified torecognize and treat sports injuries. The influence of psychological factors on sports injuries. Every coach should be currently certified in basic sports injury firstaid and able to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Sports Injury Risk Management. Junge reviewed the literature on theeffects of life stress on sports injuries. They show thatthere is a reason for atrophy, and how to counteract it. They must beable to implement an emergency medical plan if it is called for. This is particularlyrelevant to professional football. Although this study was carried out in England, the results were verysimilar to those found with Certified Athletic Trainers in the UnitedStates. Even though they know that pain is a sign something iswrong, they will put up with it for fear of being cut from the team. In further studies, these researcher showed that electricalstimulation improves muscle rehabilitation, and that the effects are morebeneficial in women than in men. Sports injuries can have psychological effects on the athlete, andpsychology plays an important role in the rehabilitation process. One of the major problems in professional sports is players whocontinue to play when they are injured (Brody, 66). SportsMed. There arepressures on these athletes from many levels: team mates; management;coaches; social pressures. The increased risk of injury existed only if thesignificant life events had occurred within the last 12 months. Peak Condition. This is considered the unlawful practice of physical therapy,and in some states, the unlawful practice of athletic training (CAPS, 122). From the point of view of a physical therapist, all sports injuriesneed to be assessed and treated as soon as possible to prevent futurecomplications. Working together, the physical therapist canadjust the treatment protocol as the athlete recovers, and they can decidetogether when it is time for the athlete to resume play. 28 (2 ):5-1 .Levy, A. In advanced muscle atrophy after sports injuries, there is achange in muscle fiber distribution. As well as this, an importantway to prevent injuries is to make sure that athletes are in good healthbefore they start playing (CAPS, 132). By relievingpain, muscle atrophy can be avoided, and this will speed recovery andrehabilitation from injury. Figure Skating Team, and the San Francisco Ballet,stresses the value of physical therapy in which the patient activelyparticipates. Not only can sports injuries cause stress, but stresses in life canlead to sports injuries (Junge, 5). They both cite setting short-term goals and using a variety ofrehabilitation exercise as being used in more than 75 percent of casesinvolving injured athletes, and both agree that the psychological aspectsof a sports injury must be addressed as a part of the rehabilitationprogram. Palm Beach: Coalition of Americans toProtect Sports (CAPS), 1998.Eriksson, E. Research on the psychological aspects of sports injury is on theincrease and psychological interventions have been shown to be important inthe rehabilitation of athletes (Hemmings and Povey, 61). The physical therapist needs to set up a homerehabilitation program as well as work done at the physical therapy clinic. Team doctors, athletic trainers, managers, physicaltherapists, are all put in a difficult position when they have to decidewhen and if a professional athlete is fit to compete. Theabsence of symptoms does not necessarily mean the athlete is fullyrecovered and in condition to resume play. However,it is felt now that this stress on the physical aspects without regard tothe psychological aspects may not be the best approach. A set of guidelines known as thePre-participation Physical Evaluation (PPE) is now available to help teamsconduct the health screening process. During atrophy, they showed, these receptors decrease. 62). The results from a range ofstudies using varied techniques all agree that life events can affect therisk of injury to athletes. Athletes who do not respond well to rehabilitation areusually those who do not comply with the rehabilitation treatment program,do not really understand their injury, are impatient, and lack motivationto recover quickly. Coaches need to be awareof preventive practices to reduce the number and severity of injuries inprofessional athletes. Coaches must understand how athletes need toprepare for performing their sport, such as making sure they have properstrength training and conditioning techniques, and use progressive skillsdevelopment techniques. The scientific basis of rehabilitation. A Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale containing sports-specific items was used to survey professional athletes and showed thatinjured players had significantly more life events affecting them thanuninjured athletes. Physical therapists, according to surveys, feel they need moretraining in the psychological needs of athletes with sports injuries sothey can treat them effectively and promote rehabilitation (Hemmings andPovey, 62). Because situation-relatedemotional states and coping resources may be important avenues forprevention of sports injuries in athletes, this area of sports medicineneeds to be more closely studied. Such things as divorce, or the loss of someoneclose, are life stresses which can leave an athlete injury-prone. Playing with torn or sprained muscles is not just painful,it is dangerous. In this way, no time is lost, muscles are not given anopportunity to atrophy, and the athlete is not doing activities which mayaggravate their injury. J. Muscles in women also atrophy more thanthose in men, they point out, probably because they have less testosteroneavailable to change their post-trauma catabolic phase to an anabolic phaseof rehabilitation. The physiotherapists surveyed generally used the psychologicaltechniques they already knew and rarely consulted with outside specialists. Working together as a team, thephysical therapist and the athlete can create a treatment program for theclinic sessions, and a home plan which the athlete can carry out betweenclinic visits. Sport 83 (1992): 66-7 .CAPS. All these findings are important forphysical therapist treating people with sports injuries. The researchers showed that human extremity muscleshave receptors for testosterone, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, andestrogen. In the most frequently investigated sport, American football, almostall studies have shown a relationship between life events and injuries.Similar results have been seen with gymnasts, track and field athletes,athletes in non-contact sports, and physical education students. Sports Med. L. Researchers have shown that the cause of advanced atrophy after asports injury is pain inhibition of normal muscle function caused either bythe injury itself, or by surgery needed to correct it (Eriksson, S25). Coping mechanisms can determine how much ofan effect life stresses have on an athletes and how much they will affectthe athlete=s proclivity to sports injuries. New York: Crown Publishers, 1986.Hemmings, B., & Povey, L. Athletes often mask the pain they are suffering so that they cango on playing. Dr Allan Levy, the associate team physician forthe New York Giants, quotes case after case of athletes playing when theyare injured (66-67). Views of chartered physiotherapists on the psychological content of their practice: a preliminary study in the United Kingdom. James Garrick, M. Mostathletes have coping skills to some degree, and social support, which helpthem deal with life stresses. If an injury to an athlete does occur, it is important that it berecognized quickly and treatment initiated immediately. They seem willing totake on this responsibility, according to Hemmings and Povey, and believein the importance of psychological skills in rehabilitation of sportsinjuries, the need for effective communication, and the use of motivationalstrategies to promote recovery. It can negate the offenders liability insurance coverage if an athletefiles suit claiming injury due to the coach=s treatment. The management of sports injuries has led to the development of aspecialized field known as Sports Medicine. This will allow the physicaltherapist to modify the treatment accordingly and report to the physicianif it is thought the athlete is not in condition to play. Gameanxiety can also lead to more injuries when the athlete goes into a gamenervous. J. It has been shown that avoiding rehabilitation because ofpain can lead to serious muscle atrophy, but playing sports when injuredcan turn a relatively minor injury into a life-long problem and even amajor disability. They suggests that an alternative tocontinuous epidural analgesia would be the use of transcutaneous nervestimulation (TENS). Sports Med. Playing while hurt puts anathlete=s future at risk. Works CitedBrody, R. Thereis some overlap between these three entities because the early recognitionand treatment of an injury can lead to full rehabilitation and reduce therisk of recurrence of the injury at a later date. By setting short-term goals, the athlete feels he is making progress and is motivated tocontinue under the guidance of the physical therapist. Thismeans many athletes end up with serious injuries because they haveneglected them in the early stages and not mentioned the pain. A therapist canonly treat what they know to be wrong, and cannot tell how much a certainactivity hurts if the athlete doesn=t say. It is not a wise decision. Physical therapist are trained in rehabilitation techniques, and soplay an important role in sports medicine (Levy and Fuerst, 266). Over 9 percent of the physiotherapists surveyed agreed that sportsinjuries result in psychological as well as physical effects on athletes.These psychological aspects can cause non-compliance with treatmentprograms, impatience with recovery, and poor motivation, all of which deferthe rehabilitation process. An evenmore modified Social and Athletic Readjustment Scale, the Life EventQuestionnaire, showed significant differences between injured and uninjuredplayers in relation to family events and personal loss. Inwomen, the testosterone receptors are more empty than those of mem duringatrophy. Many players continue to go on thefield nursing sprains, strains, and even broken bones. It isimportant for a physical therapist working with a professional athletes todevelop a close and open relationship with them so that the athlete willtell them exactly how much pain they are in. Once the injury has receivedthe proper treatment, rehabilitation must take place under the care of aphysical therapist trained for this purpose. There isalso a factor of how critical the player is to the team, particularly if itis a championship game. Such a person has at least abachelor=s degree from an accredited college or university, with either amajor in athletic training or in athlete health care, and many hours ofclinical experience (CAPS, 131). Physical therapists must workout a rehabilitation plan which requires the active participation of theathlete (Garrick, 328). Am. D., the advisor to the NationalFootball League, U. Hemmings and Povey surveyed licenced physiotherapists inEngland using the Physiotherapist and Sports Psychology Questionnaire tomeasure how physiotherapists felt about the psychological content of theirwork with injured athletes (p. 24 (1996):S25-S27.Garrick, J. The coach mustknow first aid so that he can administer it to the athlete while waitingfor professional help to arrive (CAPS, 122). S. It must go beyond ice packs, ultrasound, and electricalstimulation, he says. There is so much psychological pressure for theplayer to compete that it is difficult for anyone to make a rationaldecision. Physicaltherapists are in a good position to help in regard to psychologicalaspects of rehabilitation as well as the physical aspects because they workclosely with the athletes and get to know them well. Ifthe pain is blocked by epidural analgesia, only sensory and sympatheticfibers are blocked, and normal function continues, so no atrophy develops.The study showed that it is the type I slow-twitch fibers which atrophy,and the type II fast-twitch fibers are left unharmed.It was also found that after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, acommon knee injury procedure in athletes, early mobilization in a castspeeds up muscle rehabilitation. Theyhave a good knowledge of anatomy and are experts in modalities forrehabilitating an athlete back to health. The major components of sportsmedicine are the prevention of injuries, the recognition and treatment ofinjuries, and rehabilitation of athletes from injuries (CAPS, 121). The physiotherapists cited stress and anxietyas major psychological effects of sports injuries (Hemmings and Povey, 65). The role of thephysiotherapist is to treat a sports injury using external physical methodsto return the athlete to functional fitness as soon as possible. Sports Injury Handbook.
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