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IMPACT OF WAR ON TERRORISM.
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Its effect on globalism.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Its effect of globalism. Ways in which the war on terrorism affects economic forces of globalism. International political economy and foreign trade protocols. View of confrontation between "McWorld" and "Jihad." North-South issues. Changes since 9/11. International coalitions and national self-interest.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines the impact of the war on terrorism on globalism. The research will set forth the context in which linkages between globalism and the war on terrorism have been brought to the fore and then discuss ways in which the war seems likely to affect the structures and state and corporate behavior associated with the economic forces that have been associated with globalism.
Since the end of the Cold War, relative economic benefit rather than military and political advantage has dominated the discourse between superpower rivals and major foreign-trade partners. An important aspect of that discourse has been an increasing trend toward rationalization of international political economy in general and foreign-trade protocols in particular, although over the entire course of the 20th century, despi
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2 5-12. 2 9). Schwenninger cites "conflicting visionsof NATO and of the American-European-Russian relationship, particularly asit connects with the troubled Arab and Islamic worlds": In both Europe and Russia, there is a palpable apprehension that Washington is using the war to advance a vision of . P. (2 1, October 4). The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade(GATT), first constituted in 1947 among 23 western nations, wasrenegotiated and enlarged six more times, in a series of meetings organizedas so-called rounds and by 1997 involving 125 nations (GATT, 2 1). To put it another way, when national self-interest in France, Germany,Italy, and Britain reasserts itself, the solidity of the internationalcoalition may become problematic. This is consistent with Coyle's view(2 1) that an important link between globalization and terrorism has to dowith failed states, i.e., nation-states like those in the Arab Islam world,in which patronage, royal caprice, religious fanaticism, and nepotismrather than meritocracy or (still less) democratic institutions andprotocols dominate cultural, social, and economic opportunity andexperience. But whether the current war on terrorism can succeed in itsresponse and at the same time, over the long haul, navigate the shoals ofglobalist diplomacy to the benefit and satisfaction of the US remains to beseen. a more flexible NATO with a global mission controlled by Washington and acting in accordance with US foreign policy priorities (Schwenninger, 2 1, p. The majority ofnondemocratic Arab and Muslim states did not marshal themselves behind alQaeda and the 8th century but with prudent haste, as it seems, positionedthemselves against terrorism as a controlling idea. New York: Texere. P. 27). . References Beard, M. Huntington, S. In Britannica 2 1Deluxe Edition CD-ROM, 1999-2 . Developing world in the new millennium:International finance, development, and beyond. Theeffect of GATT rounds was to dramatically reverse the history and reducethe scale of tit-for-tat trade-by-tariff and international protectionism.The succession of negotiation rounds for GATT over nearly 5 years resultedin increasing the scope of treaty jurisdiction over member-nation economiesbeyond the initial elements of tariffs. Paradoxes of prosperity. Cheap labor is their competitive advantage. Debacle in Seattle was a defeat for theworld's poor. . 27). 295, et passim)--the former because it has enough money to ignoredemocratic institutions and social justice in pursuit of profits and thelatter because whatever is not-Jihad (whether McWorld, democracy, or acompeting Jihad) is anathema, to be despised and/or destroyed. On the other hand, the globalism that has been analyzed aseconomically beneficial chiefly to the major western industrial democraciesappears to have been reinvigorated politically by the war on terrorism.Schwenninger (2 1, p. For Barber,McWorld is the milieu of Western (and particularly American) corporatehegemony over global culture and economy, and Jihad is the name given toany of a variety of narrow, perfervid, and/or aggressive parochialismsdriven by religious, ethnic, or political attachments. World Trade Organization. Cooper, H. (2 1, July 25). Barber usesthe dyad of "McWorld" and "Jihad" to explain the confrontation. No less significantly, the war on terrorism mademanifest the conflict between industrial-capitalist nation-states andentities arrayed for economic, political, religious, and/or social reasonsagainst the power, prestige, and/or existence of such states. This research examines the impact of the war on terrorism onglobalism. Barber therefore views Jihad and McWorld not so muchas adversaries as edges of a dialectic: Jihad stands not so much in stark opposition as in subtle counterpoint to McWorld and is itself a dialectical response to modernity whose features both reflect and reinforce the modern world's virtues and vices. Los Angeles Times, C1. As it turned out, the misogynistic fundamentalistboys' club with its secret handshakes and throat cutters and 8th-centuryvalues did not in September 2 1 unleash a global clash of civilizations onthe 21st century, at least not in the way al Qaeda's Jihad-summoners mighthave expected. Sarkar, R. 36). Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. (2 1). The Seattle Round of 1999 was informally billed as WTO's"development round" and was intended to "close the gap between poorcountries and the rich" (Flanigan, 1999, p. Jihad via McWorld rather than Jihad versus McWorld (Barber, 1996, p. (1999, December 8). What the thugs perhaps did notanticipate is the power of 9/11 to increase the hold of internationalMcWorldism on the imagination of traditional nation-states. Intellectual property: protection andenforcement. Nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs), both those recognized as legitimate and thosecomprising murderers, are also likely to be factors in the unfoldingdiscourse of globalization. UN Chronicle, 37, 18. . 3) describes the problem as one of different stagesof development, "so that the South only produces the ingredients for theindustry of the North, and it sells them at uncertain and fluctuating ratesto buy the more expensive finished products." Zartman also says that theNorth tends to view North-South issues in terms of "established economicmechanisms" and "power determinacies" (p. Bush's globalized NATO: Asenvisioned by the administration, it's unilateralism with a multilateralface. The research will set forth the context in which linkagesbetween globalism and the war on terrorism have been brought to the foreand then discuss ways in which the war seems likely to affect thestructures and state and corporate behavior associated with the economicforces that have been associated with globalism. Huntington, S. Paul Winters (Ed.). Citing "capitalist influence" on most postwar trade and financeagreements, Morgan (2 , p. Towardscreative adaptive reuse. .World bullies, even if their heart is in the right place, will in the endpay the price." Doubtless hard-headedness plus gritted-tooth Britishresolve would have set in equally fast had Queen's College, redolent of HerLate Majesty's Empire's pink countries, and not the WTC, been destroyed,but one need not be an anti-American apologist for Islamist thugs to seethat there remain unresolved geopolitical issues associated with USleadership in the war on terrorism. In the midst of prosperity generated by cooperative capitalistforeign trade states there are pockets of grinding poverty, and seekingconnectedness, benefit, and somebody to blame for not having them, boys getthemselves organized into thuggish little clubs that enact fascism andterrorism where they can. For the first time since the postwar constitution ofNATO, Article 5 of the treaty that created the Euro-American alliance wasinvoked to declare that the attack on the World Trade Center was an attacknot just on the US but on all of its NATO allies, and to effectively enlistEuropean support for a US war "in a region far from the European theater"(Schwenninger, 2 1, p. Militarily, the late US war on terrorism, whatever elseit is, has been a vivid platform for demonstrating the versatility andreach of American power vis-à-vis virtually every other organized entity,whether state or not. . Economically, McWorld/North has exported entire factories to theSouth, closing American factories and depriving US workers of their high-paying union jobs. Islamic civilization will clash with westerncivilization. Environmentalists who want the WTO to keep its hands off U.S. C1). The Nation, 273, 27-9. The main critique of the WTO is that it bespeaks the economic gapbetween "have" and "have-not" nations, i.e., developed and developingcountries. Global financial architecture? (2 1, December 24). 157).The structure of experience Barber describes anticipates the technicallyeffective manipulation of modern American air-traffic systems to obliteratea symbol of geopolitical capitalism. 23). Mass demonstrations slid into rioting and mayhem,a pattern of action that was repeated, with perhaps a bit less vigor, inGenoa, Italy, when the WTO met there in July 2 1. London Review of Books, 23, 2 -25. 27) cites NATO's "unprecedented display of commonpurpose." If the war on terrorism can be interpreted as having shored upalliances between major actors associated with globalism, it does not ipsofacto dispose of issues and controversies involved with the vicissitudes ofglobalization. Lack of international consensus about the humanimpact on the environment suggests North-South (or have/have-not)antipathy. Vanderbilt Journal ofTransnational Law, 34, 47 -48 . General agreement on tariffs and trade. The term Jihad, not exclusively identified with theSouth, is the name given to parochialism in the context of modernizationand amplified global trade. . First among them:Pakistan, which had sheltered and nurtured al Qaeda, bin Laden, and theboys for years and which might have been expected to declare its boldopposition to the western infidel, but which instead became the US's newbest friend. 5), which is consistent withBarber's view that the dominant trend is toward globalization of economicand industrial forces that are controlled chiefly by McWorld (i.e., theNorth). 11 September. Clash of civilizations? By and large, the developed nations, in particular the industrialdemocracies, and most of all the US, are to be identified with McWorld andthe North, while the developing world of Asia, Africa, and Latin America,makes up the South. To be sure, 9/11 may have overtaken the most solipsistic andself-contradictory critiques of globalization of foreign-trade issues,which are "anything but simple" (Lacayo, 1999, p. Thencame September 11, 2 1, and suddenly global unilateralism was a thing ofthe American past, as Bush called for support from many nations for theUS's war on terrorism. (1993, Summer). The Wall Street Journal, A18-19. Since the end of the Cold War, relative economic benefit rather thanmilitary and political advantage has dominated the discourse betweensuperpower rivals and major foreign-trade partners. Trading Into the Future: The Introduction to the WTO.Retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 July 2 2, athttp://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm6_e.htm. that,however tactfully you dress it up, the United States had it coming. Bush's determination to reject and/or reverse USparticipation in international agreements dealing with global warming,missile defense, and domestic-industry protectionism (Cooper, 2 1). Zartman (p. The war on terrorism as a response to egomaniacal mass murder may haveplaced concerns like these on the geopolitical back burner, but it isinconceivable that concerns about economic and social justice and someversion of a postcolonial critique of Western industrial hegemony will notsurface between and among WTO insiders and outsiders. . companies may feel "unilateralism"fallout. . (2 , Winter). Compare that with the unifying effect ofa terrorist ethos, both in the West and among anti-Westerners. . Thus the status of globalization in mid-2 1, which was complicated byPresident George W. (1995). Some LRB writers reflect onthe reasons and consequences. laws that protect endangered species would happily force Venezuela--against its sovereign will--to clean up its gasoline exports (Lacayo, 1999, p. Morgan, J. An important aspect ofthat discourse has been an increasing trend toward rationalization ofinternational political economy in general and foreign-trade protocols inparticular, although over the entire course of the 2 th century, despitetwo world wars and assorted regional conflicts there was a persistent drifttoward international conventions. C1). It reconfigured the internationally cooperative position of theUS vis-à-vis other countries while also placing the US in a position toenforce a host of policies pursuant to its unilateral defense and law-enforcement interests. ForeignAffairs, 72, 22-49. (2 1). The gap between rich and poor, though enormous, does not fullycapture evidence of the disconnect between the life experience of Arab-state elites and practically everybody else, with the latter watchingglobalization overtake their lives while truncating their access to itsbenefits. In the199 s, GATT gave rise to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which formallyconstituted to further streamline international trade and bring down tradebarriers. (2 1, March). "In the Arabworld," says Huntington, where Islamist activism has stepped into theanarchic void created by ineffectual or oppressive authoritarianpostcolonial regimes, "Western democracy strengthens anti-Western politicalforces" (Huntington, 1993, p. Coyle, C. enormously intensified by the ringsideseats we were offered" and yield to "more hard-headed reaction . Onset of the war on terrorism shifted the landscape, so to speak, ofglobalism. Flanigan, J. 36): Demonstrators who want justice for poor nations were reminded last week that Third World delegates to the WTO don't want developed nations to force them to allow union organizing. La Jolla, Calif.: Britannica.com. Schwenninger, S.R. The talks did not exactlycollapse, but they were eclipsed by a public-opinion coalition ofenvironmental and trade-union activists, as well as "repeated descriptionsin Seattle of developing countries as employers of slave or child labor,low-wage exploiters of their own citizens and tools of corporate greed"(Flanigan, 1999, p. Huntington'sthesis (1993) that the post-Cold War world is likely to evolve toward aclash of civilizations explains that cultural divergence of Islam and theWest, complicated by the centuries of bloody confrontation, is much harderto overcome than "mere" political differences (1995, p. 2 ) managed to experience the fade of shockat "horror of the tragedy . San Diego,Calif.: Greenhaven. The context for GATT as aninternational code of trade-related conduct with ever-increasing reachhelps explain the increase of scope: the rise of the global economy,compounded by the relative ease of access to it made possible by theemergence of the Internet and e[lectronic] commerce (Sarkar, 2 1). According to Barber,the real casualties of the confrontation are democracy and social justice,to which both McWorld and Jihad are either indifferent or hostile (Barber,1996, p. 18) describes WTO's intent "to provide astructure which, by its utter flexibility, facilitates untrammeledcapitalist activity everywhere, except in the few nations which have beenable to build self-serving conditions into it." This has fosteredcontroversy. Indeed, within days of 9/11, Cambridge Classicsprofessor Mary Beard (2 1, p. U.S. (2 1).
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