For more information
Call 1-800-351-0222

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE.
  Term Paper ID:28466 		Get This Paper Free! or
Essay Subject:
History & purpose of space-based observatory. Instrumentation. Its projects & discoveries. Outline.... More...
5 Pages / 1125 Words
4 sources, 6 Citations, APA Format
$20.00

More Papers on This Topic


Paper Abstract:
History & purpose of space-based observatory. Instrumentation. Its projects & discoveries. Outline.

Paper Introduction:
The Hubble Space Telescope is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the operation of a longlived spacebased observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. The idea was first developed in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and made operational only in the 1990s. This was to be a different type of mission for NASA, to create a long term spacebased observatory. In order to accomplish this goal and to protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions. The Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized in all three axes. The Hubble is a 2.4meter reflecting telescope which was deployed in lowEarth orbit at 600 kilometers by the

Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.


http://www.stsci.edu/hst. NASA adopted a three year cycle of on-orbit servicing ("General Overview of the Hubble Space Telescope," 1999). M87 is the site of a potentialblack hole, though the Hubble has not proven that it exists. Linda Dressel was a member of the Johns Hopkins Teamand is now at Space Telescope Science Institute where she takes spectra ofgalactic cores with the Space Telescope Imaging spectrograph. This implies that there is a central black hole with 1 million to 2 million times the mass of the sun. Instrumentation A. arc-seconds, while the Hubble's resolution is about 1 timesbetter, or about .1 arc-seconds. Cameras B. Black holes have been described for some time, andmany people may believe many have been found. Another ongoing search by thetelescope is for gravitational lenses. Even higherresolution telescopes are planned both for orbit and in differentconfigurations as part of ground-based telescope systems. Hubble Space Telescope defined B. Tasks to be performed D. References "Curtains part on ancient star nurseries" (1998, July 15).ScienceNOW. Other discoveries have been madewith reference to quasars, intergalactic clouds, flare stars, and so on(Maran, 1992, 619-625). Data to be gathered E. Astronomers have been searching at great distances to find the sites ofstar birth. Spectrographs C. (1992, June). Improvement over ground-based telescopesIII. Other dataV. (1999, May). One of the important areas for which the Hubble has been useful is indetermining whether black holes exist. Olson, S. Herobservations show gas swirling around the center of NGC 3998 at 9 , miles per hour. One teaminvestigating this issue was at Johns Hopkins University, where the groupstudied M87, a giant elliptical galaxy in Virgo some 5 million light-yearsaway. As suchmolecules bunch up and are heated to high temperatures, x-rays are emitted,and such x-rays have been detected in eclipsing binary star systems inwhich the x-ray source is not visible. The team examined images and spectra of glowing gas near thecenter of the galaxy. Introduction A. The Hubble is a 2.4-meter reflecting telescope which wasdeployed in low-Earth orbit at 6 kilometers by the crew of the spaceshuttle Discovery on 25 April 199 . Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity sostrong that nothing can escape from them, including light. The telescope provides photographs thatare rich in detail and that reveal things we cannot see as well from earth. Dressel has also studiedother central black holes with around 1 million solar masses and hasraised the question of whether every galaxy has a black hole (Olson, 1999,5 -51). If a star moremassive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at the end ofits evolution, it will form either a white dwarf, a neutron star, of ablack hole, depending primarily on its mass. "General Overview of the Hubble Space Telescope" (1999, February 22). In order toaccomplish this goal and to protect the spacecraft against instrument andequipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions.The Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized inall three axes. Galaxy and star formation C. The Hubble Telescope is the most powerful facility forultraviolet spectroscopy ever launched. Responsibility for conducting andcoordinating the science operations of the Hubble Space Telescope restswith the Space Telescope Science Institute on the Johns Hopkins UniversityHomewood Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, which in turn is operated for NASAby the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc.("General Overview of the Hubble Space Telescope," 1999). Discoveries A. Yet they remain elusive, their interiors forever shrouded behind a gravitational attraction from which not even light can escape (Olson, 1999, 5 ). The other way is through the interactions of the black holewith other matter. Since itsdeployment, the Hubble has returned thousands of phonographs and other dataand has been instrumental in a number of important discoveries and intesting and confirming various theories. The current complement of science instruments on the Hubble includethree cameras, two spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors (primarily usedfor astrometric observations). Black holes could come in a rangeof sizes if they exist, from small ones formed under conditions at thebeginning of the universe to gigantic black holes that might lie at thecenter of galaxies. but interstellar dust is thick in star-forming regions, hidingthe light of hot young stars and reradiating it in the infrared.Observations by infrared satellites reveal large numbers of star-forminggalaxies as much as halfway back to the big bang, but for even older, moredistant stars and galaxies, the expansion of the universe stretches theinfrared radiation into the submillimeter waveband, a twilight region ofthe spectrum between infrared and radio. Recently, a team in Englandpointed a submillimeter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, at the Hubble DeepField, the small patch of sky where the Hubble Space Telescope capturedoptical images of some of the most distant galaxies ever. Ground-based telescopes can seldom provide resolution betterthan 1. The Large Space Telescope program asplanned in 1979 called for a return to Earth, refurbishment, and relaunchevery 5 years, with on-orbit servicing every 2.5 years, and at that time,hardware lifetime and reliability requirements were based on that 2.5-yearinterval between servicing missions. Projects 1. If the process of collapse is nonspherical because thestar is rotating and flattened at the poles, then gravitational waves couldbe given off just before the black hole is formed; such waves would bedetectable. ultraviolet spectroscopyIV. Hubble has ruled out a lambda-dominated universe. Astronomers have been seeingthe effects of black holes but not the objects themselves: Once considered a theorist's fancy, black holes are now thought to reside at the core of almost all large galaxies. There are only two ways todetect black holes. gravitational lenses 3. Because of the Hubble's placement above theEarth's atmosphere, these science instruments can produce high resolutionimages of astronomical objects such as would be impossible through theatmosphere. OUTLINEI. The Hubble Space Telescope is a cooperative program of the EuropeanSpace Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) for the operation of a long-lived space-based observatory for thebenefit of the international astronomical community. If the black hole is formed in a binary star system,for instance, gas from the normal star might flow toward the black hole,its molecules increasing in speed to near the speed of light. An importantdiscovery by the telescope was the detection of "blue stragglers" in thecore of globular cluster 47 Tucanae. The idea was firstdeveloped in the 194 s, designed and built in the 197 s and 8 s, and madeoperational only in the 199 s. Sensors D. The Hubble continues to probe areas of the universe and send backphotos which then lead to new areas of analysis and discovery. This was to be a different type of missionfor NASA, to create a long term space-based observatory. Black Holes B. Groups involvedII. Early glitches B. Conclusion The Hubble Space Telescope has provided a new opportunity for thoseseeking black holes because of its superior resolution, allowingastronomers to extend their search to far greater distances. Development of the idea C. Five of thebrightest submillimeter sources matched up with faint, old galaxies in theHubble image, and four of the five date from when the universe was betweena third and a fifth of its present age -- up to 9 billion years ago("Curtains Part on Ancient Star Nurseries," 1998). History A. In 1985, contamination and structuralloading concerns associated with return to Earth aboard the shuttle changedplans and eliminated the concept of ground return from the program, andNASA then decided that on-orbit servicing might be adequate to maintain theHubble for its 15-year design life. The Hubble experienced a number of operational glitches in its earlydays, which colored the public perception of it as if it were a failure,but it has been anything but that. The core of M87 emits a huge jet of particles traveling at nearlight speed. "Black hole hunters." Astronomy, 48-55. black holes 2. "Hubble illuminates the universe." Sky &Telescope, 619-625. Astronomers have also been seeking evidence of the formation of starsand galaxies and often test evidence found by the Hubble with ground-basedobservations using new generations of telescopes and systems of telescopes. Maran, S.P.

If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:

Search for:

or

We can write a Custom Essay just for you.


Browse Essays by Subject