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GEORGIA.
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Early history of the state; conflicts witih Native Americans & other settlements; pre-Revolutionary ruling class; impact & aftermath of Revolutionary War.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Early history of the state; conflicts witih Native Americans & other settlements; pre-Revolutionary ruling class; impact & aftermath of Revolutionary War.

Paper Introduction:
The history of Georgia involved a number of different settling groups until the time of the American Revolution, and while Georgia was then a part of the newly-created United States, that would cease for a time with the coming of the Civil War. Georgia from the first involved a clash between different cultures, first between the Native Americans and the Spanish, then between the Spanish and the English, with periods of conflict with the French as well. As Georgia developed as an entity, the people of Georgia kept largely to themselves, having little to do with the beginning of the American Revolution, though they fought in it and suffered for it as much as the other colonies. Conflict between groups continued, however, including conflict between Georgia and the United States itself. Georgia was the last of the thirteen British colonies

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Factional conflict continued well into the period ofthe war. Conflict between groups continued, however,including conflict between Georgia and the United States itself. James Oglethorpe, Sir John Perceval, the Earl of Egmont,and nineteen associates petitioned George II for a royal charter toestablish a colony southwest of Carolina on July 3 , 173 , with the purposeof establishing a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and South Carolina,as well as to provide economic opportunities for the English poor and toprovide a refuge for European Protestants. After the Revolutionary War, a number ofgovernors signed land grants for considerably more than the law allowed,and such grants served to fuel land speculation that would briefly putGeorgia in the national spotlight. The Creation of Modern Georgia. Oglethorpe then foundedSavannah on February 1, 1733 with 116 colonists. English settlers inCharleston considered these missions to be intrusions and petitioned thecrown for relief. Works CitedBartley, Numan V. Chief Priests governedfortified towns, and the leaders lived in temples atop large earthen moundsoverlooking a central ceremonial plaza. Georgia from the first involved a clashbetween different cultures, first between the Native Americans and theSpanish, then between the Spanish and the English, with periods of conflictwith the French as well. Georgia ignored theearly moves toward war with Britain, but when the colonial representativesbegan convening The Continental Congress, Georgia reluctantly sentdelegates. Georgia had three loosely organized political factions in theera before the Revolution--one group, including the "aristocracy,"supported royal rule; another was the Christ Church faction representingplanters, merchants, and other social elites not part of the royalestablishment; and the third, the country faction which developed in theoutlying parishes: "Royal government collapsed before the combinedopposition of the Christ Church and country factions, known collectively aswhigs" (Bartley 8). By 1686, the Spanish had retreated to south of St.Mary's river which forms the eastern border of present day Georgia andFlorida, and for the next 35 years, Spain, France, and England all laidclaim to Georgia. Governor Mathews signed many suchgrants, and by the end of his term, outstanding land grants totaled threetimes the amount of land available in Georgia, contributing to a majorscandal and a land war that would continue the aura of conflict with whichGeorgians had been living since the arrival of Europeans ("North GeorgiaLand"). Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1983."186 Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly." http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/186 resn.htm."Georgia History--The American Revolution." http://ngeorgia.com/history/early.html."Georgia's Pre-revolutionary History-Hernando de Soto to James Olgethorpe." http://ngeorgia.com/history/early.html."History of the Georgia State Capitol." http://www2.state.ga.us/Legis/1999_ /house/caphis.htm.Martin, Harold H. The last pre-historic cultural development in North America was the MississippianCulture, which thrived from about 8 AD until the arrival of the Europeanexplorers. Georgia. Around 167 , the Franciscan settlement in Georgia posed a threat tothe growing English settlement in South Carolina. Georgia was the last of the thirteen British colonies establishedalong the Atlantic seaboard. Half of the 5 , inhabitants were slaves, and almostall of the citizenry was clustered near the coast. Population centers were found inriver basins because the culture was sustained by the cultivation of crops. finally organized a political party for the avowed purpose of destroying the institution of slavery, and consequently spreading ruin and desolation among the people in every portion of the country where it exists ("186 Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly").This would signal a new chapter in the conflicts swirling in Georgia. A number of forces combined to help create a small but powerfulruling class in Georgia in the years before the Revolution, among themcheap land, low taxes, and a seemingly endless supply of labor. Simon's islands in 1566. In 1776, this Congress signed the Declaration of Independence,and Georgia was represented by Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and GeorgeWalton. Norton, 1977."Moundbuilders--North Georgia's Early Inhabitants." http://ngeorgia.com/history/early.html"North Georgia Land--Yazoo Land Fraud." http://ngeorgia.com. Until 18 3, Georgia distributed land based on the"headright" system under which each head of family had the "right" to 2 acres of land for himself and 5 acres of land for each member of hisfamily, up to 1 acres. They were searching for gold and other wealth which they couldclaim for themselves and for Spain. William Barton, anaturalist, wrote in 1775 of the mounds built by these people: It is altogether unknown to us what could have induced the Indians to raise such a heap of earth in this place . It was this era which set the stage for theestablishment of Georgia by James Edward Oglethorpe in 1733. The history of Georgia involved a number of different settling groupsuntil the time of the American Revolution, and while Georgia was then apart of the newly-created United States, that would cease for a time withthe coming of the Civil War. By 165 , the Cherokee Nation hadmigrated southward to occupy more than 4 , square miles in the southernAppalachian Mountains, and the Cherokee and Creek lived peacefully asneighbors until the late 17 's, when a great war erupted, culminating in aconfrontation ending in the retreat of the Creek Nation to land south ofthe Chattahoochee River ("Georgia's Pre-Revolutionary History"). It is reasonable to suppose, however, that they were to serve some important purpose in those days, as they were public works, and would have required the united labor and attention of a whole nation ("Moundbuilders--North Georgia's Early Inhabitants"). As Georgia developed as an entity, the people ofGeorgia kept largely to themselves, having little to do with the beginningof the American Revolution, though they fought in it and suffered for it asmuch as the other colonies. The Spaniards then traveled downriver to an Indianvillage at the site of present day Rome, Georgia, where de Soto arrestedthe town leaders, took hostages and slaves, and ransacked the granaries.Franciscan priests then established missions under Spanish control atJekyll and St. . InApril 1781, Colonel Elijah Clarke and General Pickens began a siege ofAugusta, succeeding by June 5. As noted, the first European settlers in the region were Spanishmissionaries and English traders, and this was a turbulent and tragic eramarked by plagues and slave raiding that destroyed the indigenous kingdomseven as Spain and England fought their own war, conducted by proxy, for thesoutheastern borderlands. The state was founded by James EdwardOglethorpe with 114 original settlers on February 12, 1733, at the presentsite of the city of Savannah. The Mississippian people were of significantly larger physical staturethan the Europeans explorers who encountered them, but they had noimmunities to the explorers' diseases. They signed the deed of surrender on June 23, 1752,continuing as a defacto government until relieved by a royal governor onOctober 31, 1754 ("Georgia's Pre-Revolutionary History"). Georgia did not prosperunder Oglethorpe and the Trustees, however, and the Trustees decided tosurrender the charter in 1751 after Parliament rejected their annualrequest for a subsidy. In the early 177 s, Georgia was the least populated of the 13American colonies. . De Soto visited the Etowah Indiansettlement along the Etowah River, a visit that ended in a violent clashwith the Indians. The Spanisharrived when Hernando deSoto led 6 Spanish soldiers, businessmen,entrepreneurs, and priests on a journey through Georgia and the southeastin 154 . Disease and violent encountersalike hastened the decline of the Mississippian Culture. British warships that had been sailing off the NewYork Harbor then headed to the South Carolina and Georgia coast. . In January 1782, General "Mad" AnthonyWayne arrived in Georgia and launched a vigorous offensive, culminating inthe British evacuation of Savannah on July 1 , 1782 ("Georgia History--TheAmerican Revolution"). The Mississippian people were accomplished craftsmen andpracticed sophisticated religious rituals. MajorGeneral Provost conquered Savannah with little resistance and converted thesmall community back to the British, and for a brief time, the Georgiaassembly met under the authority of the British crown. Thisruling class consisted of rich plantation owners who built great houses inthe country, and many constituted a ruling aristocracy with ties to Britain(Martin 39). Growth in Georgia was fueled by government policies from before theRevolution until after. Georgia had a long history before the coming of Oglethorpe, firstwith Native American tribes, then with a period in which Spanishmissionaries and English traders also inhabited the area. Georgia would continue to see itself as in some ways separate fromthe nation it had helped found and would express a sense of this in the186 Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly declaring secession: A large portion of the people of the non-slaveholding States, have for many years past, shown in many ways, a fanatical spirit bitterly hostile to the Southern States, and have . New York: W.W. . General BenjaminLincoln from South Carolina and Admiral Valerie d'Estaing, then sailing inthe French West Indies, combined in the summer of 1779 to attack Savannah.The British managed to repel the invasion, but others would follow. Georgia was little affected by the early years of the AmericanRevolution, but in 1778, new orders from London marked out the south as themain theater of war. Oglethorpe and a group of twenty friends hadbeen granted a charter by King George II to establish a colony named afterthe king, and hence, the region was named Georgia ("History of the GeorgiaState Capitol").

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