For more information
Call 1-800-351-0222
Call 1-800-351-0222
ADAPTATION MODEL OF NURSING.
Term Paper ID:27033
Essay Subject:
Defines & analyzes development, logic, usefulness & testability of this model which focuses on individual as a biopsychosocial system.... More...
10 Pages / 2250 Words
15 sources, 26 Citations,
APA Format
$40.00
More Papers on This Topic
Paper Abstract:
Defines & analyzes development, logic, usefulness & testability of this model which focuses on individual as a biopsychosocial system.
Paper Introduction:
CONCEPT ANALYSIS PAPER
Introduction
This paper presents an analysis of Sister Calista Roy's conceptual model for nursing, usually referred to as the adaptation model. The analysis describes the theory and provides reasons for why it was chosen for review and analysis. The paper then goes on to discuss the development, meaning, logical adequacy, usefulness, completeness, and testability of the adaptation model.
Description of Theory and Reason for choosing
The nursing philosophy or model of Sister Calista Roy (see: Roy, 1997) focuses on the individual (person) as a biopsychosocial adaptive system. According to Roy (1997) nursing is a discipline that emphasizes strengthening, expanding, and
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
& Flaskerud, J.H. Newman, D.M. (1994). Smith (1988) reports that Roy's adaptation model has also been foundto apply to a wide variety of patients with whom nurses work from patients. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 7(1), 7-2 . NursingScience Quarterly, 1(3), 97-98. Roy's adaptation model in practice. The Roy adaptation model: Thedefinitive statement. (1984). Roy, C. In some more controlled empirical research, Weiss, Hastings, Holly,and Craig (1994) used a qualitative research methodology to study theutility of the Roy adaptation model as a framework for nursing practicewithin a hospital setting. & Karlson, K.H. It wasalso noted that the model's proposition that initial biopsychosocialresponses predicted later responses was supported. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1 (1), 42-48. (1988). This is, at best, anextremely challenging task and, as might be expected, the model has notonly been refined and expanded upon many times, further expansion andrefinement is expected in the future (Roy, 1997). CONCEPT ANALYSIS PAPER Introduction This paper presents an analysis of Sister Calista Roy's conceptualmodel for nursing, usually referred to as the adaptation model. (1997). The inventory of functional status-caregiver ofa child in a body cast. For example, Nuamah, Cooley, Fawcett, and McCorkle(1999) tested the adaptation body model in relation to the quality of lifeof newly diagnosed cancer patients. 3. In terms of nurse practice, nurseresearch, and nurse education, the theory was said to be widely applicable. Ineffective coping results inillness. (1994). It is pointedout that studies of the predictive validity of these scales have beensupportive of the model. For example, Newman (1997) developed and tested the Inventoryof Functional Status-Caregiver of a Child in a Body Cast (IFSCCBC), whichwas derived from the Roy Adaptation Model. Several points were made, one of which was that while the modelis comprehensive it is easily understood. Nyqvist, K.H. The sample consisted of 6 Mexican-American and Anglo-American women undergoing elective cholecystectomy. However, the fact that the theory has not been comprehensivelytested means that its overall validity cannot be established. Based on these findings, Newman (1997) concluded that theIFSCCBC could be used in research and clinical practice to assess thefunctional status of parents or their surrogates while they are caring fora child in a body cast. Cloninger, C.R. For example,in nursing practice, Rogers, Jones, Clarke, Mackay, Potter, and Ward (1991)reported that the model has been found to be especially useful to nursesinvolved in managerial or administrative levels. The authors state that the model borrows from and expands upontheories from several other disciplines including Erick Erickson'spsychosocial theory of human development, Hans Seyle's theory of stress,Maslow's model of the hierarchy of human needs, and Lazarus' cognitivemodel of coping. Description of Theory and Reason for choosing The nursing philosophy or model of Sister Calista Roy (see: Roy,1997) focuses on the individual (person) as a biopsychosocial adaptivesystem. Operational adequacy was determined by examining the reliability andvalidity of the empirical indicators used; it was judged adequate.Empirical adequacy was evaluated by comparing empirical data tohypothesized expectations. It was noted that theenvironment has both internal and external components, and is constantlychanging. The model begins with Roy's notion andpostulates concerning the role of the environment in health and illness.In her initial explication of the model, Roy (1984) defined the environmentas all conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affectingthe development and behavior of persons and groups. (1995). Thus, in terms of patientcare, the model appears to generalize well across the spectrum of illness.Moreover, it was noted earlier in the paper that the theory has also provento quite generalizable to administrative tasks in nursing. The adequacy and scope ofRoy's adaptation model to guide cross-cultural pain research. In particular, the authors note that in this area, the model has beenfound to have strong utility for nursing philosophy, the development ofmission statements, setting standards of practice, defining and writing jobdescriptions, specifying performance planning, appraisal, and qualitymonitoring systems. The goal of nursing is to"maintain and enhance adaptive behavior and to change ineffective behaviorto adaptive." (Roy, 1984, p. This introduces the ideaof control into stress, an idea that went beyond early theories of stressin which the individual was considered a passive recipient of stimuli. For example, it is noted that the model implies that theperson/adaptive system is reacting to and trying to "fit" into hissurroundings. The output of an adaptive system is said to be either adaptation ormaladaptive (ineffective) responses. Thus, it would appear that in terms of testing the theory's abilityto generate meaningful assessments, Newman's study indicates that this ispossible. These groups includenurses: working in neonatal units (Nyqvist & Karlson, 1997), working withcancer patients and their families (Wright, 1993), and working withpatients with other kinds of life-threatening diseases, chronic pain, and ahost of other illnesses (Roy & Andrews, 1999). Adaptive coping results in health. UsingRoy's adaptation model in practice: nurses' perspectives. Testability There have not been a great many studies attempting to test Roy'sadaptation model so much as its applicability to certain situations. Meaning of the Theory Roy (1984, 1997), in applying the concepts of system and adaptationto man as a client of nursing, articulates nursing as a tool for use inpractice, education, and research. However, to fully derive meaning fromthe presented model, one must deal with several fairly abstract conceptsand terms. Roy (1997) notes that she has continuously expanded hermodel from its inception to the present. (1993). However, Wesley points out that people, families, and evencommunities are quite capable of affecting their environment and letting itaffect and expand their capabilities at the same time and do not justattempt to "fit" into what is already there. Development of the Theory Roy and Andrews (1999) reported that the model was first presented inthe periodical literature around 197 and, almost since its firstpublication, has been used as a conceptual framework for nursingcurriculum, nursing practice, and nursing research. (1993). Theanalysis describes the theory and provides reasons for why it was chosenfor review and analysis. Weiss, M.E., Hastings, W.J., Holly, D.C. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12(3), 142-147. Nursing theories and models (2nd ed.) PA:Springhouse Corporation. However, Roy currently is saidto define health as a process of being and becoming an integrated and wholeperson. Giventhese findings, it can be said that the adaptation model warrants the kindof intense research focus it has been given over the years, and this isespecially true given that Roy has listened to criticisms by refining andhoning the model. In addition, Cloninger (1988) reported that several practicalassessment instruments have been developed on the basis of Roy's adaptationmodel as they relate to psychoemotional coping and anxiety. Wesley (1995) also notes certain problematic areas in Roy'sconceptualization of health, noting that in the original model, health wasviewed along a health-illness continuum from wellness to death. A philosophy of care for aneonatal intensive care unit. Initial constructvalidity testing was accomplished by examination of subscale to subscalecorrelations. Residual stimuli--relevant factors that cannot be validated(subjective) such as beliefs or values. However, the model was generally found to be useful in focusing,organizing, and directing nurses' thoughts and actions regarding patientcare, resulting in a perception of improved quality of nursing process andpatient outcomes. However, Cloninger notes that the highest levelsof prediction often occur when Roy's model is combined with otherpsychological models of coping, anxiety, and so forth into a more holisticor comprehensive framework. Calvillo, E.R. Roy, C. NY: Appleton & Lange. Internal consistency reliability ranged from .63 to .88, using item to subscale correlations. Wesley (1995) criticizes this definition stating that it is so non-specific as to be useless to any empirical effort to develop predictionsand/or to test the model as they concern health components. (1991). Some of the logically problematic aspects of the theory have beendiscussed by Wesley (1995); in this regard, Wesley feels the model issomewhat overly influenced by the Roman Catholic fatalistic view ofmankind. & Craig, D.I. The nurse must also act to expand theindividual's coping abilities so that a wider range of stimuli istolerated. The foregoing can perhaps be best seen by an examination of keynotions comprising the model. Usefulness of the Theory Despite any flaws in its conceptualizations, Roy's model has been oftremendous usefulness to both nursing research and practice. (1998). & McCorkle, R. Roy began work on hertheory in the 196 s. Roy, C. Prior education on the Roy model and participation inprofessional advancement activities was found to have greatly facilitatedmodel integration, while lack of education and resistance to changeinhibited implementation of model-based practice. Wright, P.S. The model'sextensive vocabulary, its extremely abstract definitions of terms, its re-definitions of familiar terms, and its occasional confusion of physiologicand psychoperceptual components combine to make it far from simple(Lutjens, 1992). The level of integration of the model intopractice was found to vary among nurses. Future of the Roy model: challenge to redefineadaptation. Further, Royand Andrews (1991) note that it has served as the foundation for literallyhundreds of studies of nursing practice and nursing education. On the other hand, studies conducted of the model have found somepredictive utility. Parents' perceptions of their quality of life.Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 1 (4), 139-145.----------------------- 13 & Wild, C. The scope was also judged adequate to the current stage of themodel's development. The response tostimuli (stress associated with illness) is processed through subsystemsthat include two control mechanisms (coping processes) and four adaptivemodes, each of which is meticulously delineated in terms of both physicaland perceptual processes. The model states that the individual used both innate and acquiredbiological, psychological, or social adaptive mechanisms, and postulatesthat there is an interchange between the adaptive system (individual) andvarious stimuli (input) from the environment and itself. References Best, M., Maslak, L., Thurston, N. Health, according to the model, results with adaptation to reachoptimal levels of individual potential in meeting physical, psychosocial,and self actualization needs. Since she drew from existing work of a physiologicalpsychologist, and behavioral, systems, and role theorists, thelanguage/thinking of psychology and sociology became second nature to her. & Ward,W. (1992). Nuamah, I.F., Cooley, M.E., Fawcett, J. Moreover,often these meanings are taken from different disciplines. It is important to note that the Adaptation Model holds that eachindividual has limits to adaptation that are affected by the condition ofthe person or the individual's state of coping. Smith, M.C. The authors conclude that the use of the Roy Modelcontributes to the development of a highly integrated system of nursingadministration and practice. Italso reflects a more optimistic view of the human capability and providesan arena in which nursing activities can occur. A unified biosocial theory of personality andits role in the development of anxiety states: a reply to commentaries.Psychiatric Development, 6(2), 83-12 . As just stated, the authors found that the bestapplication of the theory was for those who had studied the model prior totheir attempt to integrate it into the hospital setting. Research in Nursing Health, 22(3), 231-242. Simpleness and Completeness of the Theory The just discussed study by Weiss et. 59). NY:Appleton & Lange. Forexample, Calvillo and Flaskerud (1993) conducted a study to examine theadequacy (operational, empirical, and pragmatic) and scope of the Royadaptation model (as well as the gate control theory of pain) to guide thecross-cultural research on pain. (1999).Testing a theory for health-related quality of life in cancer patients: astructural equation approach. & Andrews, H.A. Similarly, Best, Maslak, Thurston, and Wild(1994), in their discussion of the use of Roy's model at a large hospital,reported that they found many of the concepts within the framework of theRoy model to be grounded in current nursing practice, consistent withconsumer expectations and supported by philosophical statements aboutpatient, society/environment, health and nursing. (1997). Focal stimuli--immediate threats/confrontations. NursingScience Quarterly, 6(3), 118-129. Subscale to totalIFSCCBC score correlations ranged from .14 to .75. Other studies have tested the theory in indirect ways such as usingit to develop instruments and assessing its adequacy to provide a soundassessment. Existing research on the validity, reliability, and testability ofthe theory was said to be sparse; however, the few studies that werepertinent appeared to indicate that the theory was valid and reliable andat least, in part, amenable to testing. Wesley L.R. It was noted that the developedinstrument included subscales measuring the extent to which parentalcaregivers or their surrogates continue their usual household, social andcommunity, childcare, personal care, and occupational activities whilecaring for a child in a body cast---all of which were considered meaningfulcomponents in terms of Roy's notions of coping and stimuli. In this regard, the theory has an extensive vocabulary and somefamiliar words (i.e., adaption) have been given new meanings in Roy'sattempt to translate mechanistic ideas into organismic ones. Contextual stimuli--all other stimuli present that precipitatedor contributed to the focal stimuli. Generalizability and Transferability Roy's adaptation model has been successfully used by nurses toprovide care and/or to assess diverse patient groups. Lutjens, L.R. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5(2), 62-71. al (1994) is indirectlyassociated with an assessment of the simpleness and completeness of Roy'sadaptation theory. The use of the Roy Adaptation Model in nursing administration.Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 4(2), 21-26. The paper then goes on to discuss thedevelopment, meaning, logical adequacy, usefulness, completeness, andtestability of the adaptation model. Finally, the scope was determined byexamining the variables identified by the model and several additionalvariables. (1999). Indeed, Smith reports that the model can be successfully applied topatients with minimal illness or in need of prevention efforts to patientswho have life-threatening diseases. Rogers, M., Jones, P.L., Clarke, J., Mackay, C., Potter, M. In terms of findings, content validity of the instrument wasestablished at 9 percent. 2. The degreeof health or illness that the system experiences was characterized aninevitable dimension of a person's life. The modelwas chosen for review because her work is studied and utilized frequentlyin nursing education (Roy & Andrews, 1999). Introduction to nursing: An adaptation model. Only some of the conceptual-theoreticalrelational statements were supported. It was noted that while overall,the theory appears logical, there are some conceptually problematic areas. These are: 1. Derivation and testing of tenets of a theory ofsocial organizations as adaptive systems. Operationalization of a nursing model.Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 11(2), 91-96. Summary This paper presented a concept analysis of Roy's adaptation model ofnursing. In general, it must benoted that there is a need for intense study of the language and ideasbehind Roy's Adaptation Model to fully understand it. Pragmatic adequacy was assessed bydetermining whether innovative practice strategies might be derived fromthe data; several were recommended. The individual is said to be in constantinteraction with the changing environment, and to respond positively thatperson must adapt. (1997). Nursing ScienceQuarterly, 7(2), 8 -86. Walking thetalk: one hospital's experience in implementing a conceptual framework fornursing practice. It was also said to be generalizable to diverse patient groups. Three classes of environmental stimuli are said to determine aperson's adaptation level. Logical Adequacy of the Theory It should be understood that the Roy Adaptation Model attemptsnothing less than that of providing a theoretical framework for use byeducators, researchers, and practitioners, for the purpose of validating ascientific foundation for nursing as a profession. The authors reported that the model atleast moderately explained patients' experiences and perceptions. According to Roy (1997) nursing is a discipline that emphasizesstrengthening, expanding, and improving upon the person's coping abilitiesfor the purpose of enhancing the patient's wellness or health.
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
We can write a Custom Essay just for you.
Browse Essays by Subject