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EDUCATING MINORITY CHILDREN.
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Emphasizes role & functions of teacher & his/her attitude of accommodation in educational success of minority child.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Emphasizes role & functions of teacher & his/her attitude of accommodation in educational success of minority child.

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EDUCATING MINORITY CHILDREN Providing education for children who are not of the dominant culture poses additional challenges for the classroom teacher. It is the successful management of these challenges to which this paper is addressed. Simplistically speaking, there are two official approaches to educating minority children in American public schools: accommodation or assimilation. However, there are those (Trueba & Bartolome, 1997) who would argue that there is a third approach: simply ignoring them. Webster’s defines accommodation as “to fit, adapt, or make suitable”, “to supply with conveniences”. Assimilation is defined as “to make like or alike”, “to take up and make part of itself or one self.” The professional literature published in this decade does not specifically em

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Department of Education, Office ofBilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA), NationalClearinghouse for Bilingual Education (NCBE). Create an exciting and dynamic classroom environment that is conducive to learning, respects the different abilities of students and their cultural and linguistic differences, and avoids cultural, racial, and gender-based stereotypes (Garcia, 1991, pp. 4; Trueba & Bartolome, 1997, p. Available:http://www.acenet.edu/calec/ged/disability-accom-TT.html. Ifteachers employ strategies that "acknowledge, respect, and build upon thelanguage and culture of the home" (Garcia, 1991, p. 1-4). Teaching writing to linguisticallydiverse students. Attend workshops and conferences that utilize the coaching approach: "Coaching typically involves presenting teachers with information for implementing an instructional innovation in the classroom and pairing them to provide non-threatening feedback to each other regarding their effectiveness in applying this knowledge in the classroom setting" (Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. Today the wordsmacks of racism, ethnic whitewashing, and cultural obliteration. 1). Colleges and universities are coming under attack by the experts tomodernize teaching techniques and recruit more minority students (amongothers, Lankard, 1994, pp. Language policy andpublic knowledge. Common purpose: Strengthening families andneighborhoods to rebuild America. (1995, July). Rittner, B., & Sacks, A. Dominating the discussion of educating minority students is the issueof teacher attitude (Burnett, 1993, pp. Traditionally, the typical teacher-training program has emphasizedthe skills needed to transfer information to students via variousstrategies designed to achieve the school's or the state's educationalobjectives. 3). Available:http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/ncbepubs/ directions/ 8.htm Lankard, Bettina A. 6), then minoritychildren can succeed academically and secure rewarding futures of financialpromise, thereby planting the seeds of success for future generations ofminority students. Caves, R. better able to sustain thewillingness and ability to effect change in their classrooms" (Milk,Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. Education of migrant children inthe United States. Chavkin, Nancy Feyl. Believe that every student is a winner and communicate high expectations for success (Cazden, 1992, p. Re-thinkingthe education of teachers of language minority children: Developingreflective teachers for changing schools. 3). (1999, February 13). Social Work inEducation, 14, 16 -164. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.Available: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ ERIC_Digests/ed347475.html. (1995). (1993). S. Teach ALL children how to be citizens of a pluralistic society. Washington,DC: American Council on Education. How tobuild ownership in city schools. Forgingpartnerships between Mexican-American parents and the schools. Create opportunities for each student's success and avoid tracking within the classroom Trueba & Bartolome, 1997, p. (1997, January 22). 1-5; Cazden, 1992, pp. 6; Cazden, 1992, pp. 1-11; Gomez, 1991, pp. Highly mobile students: Educational problems and possible solutions.(1991, June). (1992, Summer). 3). (1995, October). S. Valuing diversity in the schools: Thecounselor's role. (1997, July). (1991, September). The demands placed upon today's teachers require that they engage inlife-long training and education. CA: Sage Publications. 3; Kindler, 1995, p. 3). Create whole-person, thematic lessons that promote a democratic depiction of all cultures. Garcia, Eugene E. Adger, Carolyn Temple. Charleston, WV: ERICClearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools. Be a positive role model of a minority group (Lankard, 1994, p. . 3).Mutual respect (accommodation), not whitewashing (assimilation), is the keyto "fitting" together the multicultural pieces of the American mosaic. L. Assimilation is defined as "to make like or alike", "totake up and make part of itself or one self." The professional literature published in this decade does notspecifically employ these two terms, with the one exception of the wordaccommodation in reference to providing and adapting services to enable thedisabled (of all varieties) to obtain a public school education("Accommodations", 1999, pp. . The "future lies in understanding how a diverse population, in such a situation of risk and vulnerability, can achieve social, educational, and employment competence" (Garcia, 1991, p. Available:http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ ed368889.html Milk, R., Mercado, C., & Sapiens, A. Actively communicate with the parents of his/her students (Chavkin, 1991, p. The experts assert that teachers andfuture teachers need professional development programs and degree programsthat "model an ideal classroom environment," help them develop "strategiesfor fostering team-based approaches to resolving instructional challenges,"and engage them to engage in "an active, introspective process throughwhich they are, in some manner, transformed... 1-4). Have a working knowledge of the social and behavioral characteristics of at least two minority populations (Faltis & Merino, as quoted in Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992). The educationof Latino students: Is school reform enough? (1991). Rickford, John R. 3; Garcia, 1991, p. Hispanic, African American, and Asian parents have different attitudes toward education and teachers than do middle class Caucasian parents, consequently, encouraging involvement in the classroom can be the catalyst for the minority caretaker's future empowerment in a public school system that is frequently overwhelming. Schorr, L. . School reform and student diversity: Summary review of literature.(1995, September). Advocate for inservice trainings about multiculturalism, which "reflect in a more holistic fashion on two fundamental questions: What kind of learning environment would most successfully engage students in the learning process? Theliterature is clear that minority children must be allowed, and encouraged,to maintain their languages, cultures, and traditions within the classroomand public school setting. 14; Garcia, 1991, p. Live in the same neighborhood in which his/her students live (Skylarz, as cited in Lankard, 1994). (1995). Letter to Senator ArlenSpecter, Chairman, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services andEducation; Committee on Appropriations. Webster'sdefines accommodation as "to fit, adapt, or make suitable", "to supply withconveniences". (1994). Department of Education, OERI.Available: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/SER/ Diversity/summlit.html. . Children in protectiveservices: The missing educational link for children in kinship networks.Social Work in Education, 17, 7-15. Oswald, L. Exploring urban America: An introductoryreader. The expertstell us that mainstream classroom teachers "need to be prepared to teachlanguage minority students and to take a more active role in thesestudents' education" (Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. Available:http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/ncbepubs/focus/focus6.htm Office for Civil Rights (OCR) investigation of the Boston RenaissanceCharter School: Complaint No. This demonstrates respect for the cultures, values, and dialects of the student's home. Educational reform and the schoolcounselor. Available:http://www.teleplex.net/doctorv/pages/11666927.htm. Hornick, Karen. 1-11). Burnett, Gary. 1-4; Trueba & Bartolome, 1997, pp. (1991, May). 3). 6; "Highly", 1991, p. 7; Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse onAdult, Career, and Vocational Education. 1-97-1 96. (1992, December). . Chavkin, N. Allow the use of the child's home language and use it oneself. . It is thesuccessful management of these challenges to which this paper is addressed. Available:http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed41 367.html Wittmer, J. And, What kind of learning environment would be most conducive to language development for learners who possess unique linguistic and cultural characteristics" (Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p, 3)? This approach can be very effective for minority students with significant language delays (Garcia, 1991, p. Guthrie, G., & Guthrie, L. 4; Kindler, 1995, p. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association, ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and StudentServices. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Available: http://www.cal.org. Hinkle, J. Otherwise, the reader is left to discernthe writer's bias, and clearly, accommodation is the frontrunner. . (1986, October). (1992). Work or volunteer at a summer day camp for neighborhood kids, which contributes to a teacher's understanding of where and how her/his students live; 3. J. W. 1-4; Trueba & Bartolome, 1997, p. (1997, September 5). Additionally, "mentoring, role modeling,peer guidance, review, and counseling are among methods used to enhance theintellectual and personal growth" of minorities who might become teachers(Lankard, 1994, p. (1995, Fall). Streamlining interagencycollaboration for youth at risk. 7). Washington, DC: U.S. As Americabuilds on that history becoming increasingly more different, more diverse,teachers must educate "children about other groups or countries...lifestyles, languages, cultures, and points of view" (Gomez, 1991, p. New York, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education.Available: http://eric-web.tc.columbia.edu/ digests/dig89.html. E., & Reitzug, U. NY: Anchor Books (Doubleday). 4. Provide a warm and welcoming classroom (Kindler, 1995, p. Three hundred years ago America was created by persons whowanted to live in a country where they could be different. 3). F., & Brown, K. 1-8). 9). Previous generations of immigrants were assimilated into Americanculture and "everyone" thought that was a good thing. Available:http://www.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed38495 .html Perry, N. (1992, December). . Available:http://www.stanford.edu/~rickford/ebonics/SpecterLetter.html. Working with diverse learnersand school staff in a multicultural society. 11-12) and rid himself or herself of racial or ethnic biases and prejudices (Trueba & Bartolome, 1997, p. Washington, DC: U.S. (1991). 3). Teaching with a multicultural perspective.Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education.Available: http://www.ed.gov/ databases/ERIC_Digests/ed339548.html. The assessment and placement of languageminority students. Eugene, OR:ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. New York, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education.Available: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ ERIC_Digests/ed338745.html. Available:http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed39 18.html. F., & Gonzalez, D. 1). . School social workersbuilding a multiethnic family-school-community partnership. Teachers should solicit the volunteer efforts of community and family members and have them teach a lesson, share a cultural activity, or help with ordinary daily classroom activities. . Commit to ongoing professional growth (Cazden, 1994, pp. Social work literature (Caves, 1995; Chavkin & Brown, 1992; Chavkin & Gonzalez, 1995; Guthrie & Guthrie, 1991; Hinkle, 1992; Perry, 1992; Rittner & Sacks, 1995; Schorr, 1997; Wittmer, 1992) is replete with examples of minority families and school disconnectedness. 2). New York, NY: ERICClearinghouse on Urban Education. Today "the challenge for teacher education is shifting to howto prepare teachers (both beginning and experienced) to move from whereverthey happen to be in their current approach to teaching toward becoming thekind of professionals who can create an optimal learning environment forlanguage minority students" (Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. REFERENCES Accommodations for disabilities. (1991). There are six important roles or functions that mainstream classroomteachers perform with regard to language minority students. Family counseling in the schools.Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. Include the family in the educational setting and be a social worker. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement(OERI). The literature makes itclear what a teacher must do to successfully educate today's minoritychildren. Department of Education, OERI.Available: http://www.ncbe.gwu.miscpubs/ncrcdsll/epr1/ Gomez, Rey A. S/he must: . An attitude of inclusiveness in all subjects can encourage a student's healthy self-respect and self-confidence (Garcia, 1991, p. . C. School-based management. An inter- disciplinary multicultural curriculum is important to all children: Caucasian children can learn from the minority caretakers of their minority classmates, thereby learning to value and respect other races and ethnic groups, which can undermine the overpowering messages of racism in America; and the minority students will experience cultural pride and self-pride as they learn from the positive rolemodeling provided by members of their own race or ethnic group, thereby conferring value and respectability on their race or ethnic group, which undermines the soul-wrenching effects of racism on their self-image (Garcia, 1991, pp. 3). Available: http://www.aft.org/research/ edisonproject/support/handicap/brcs.htm. (1992, December). Simplistically speaking, there are two official approaches toeducating minority children in American public schools: accommodation orassimilation. 1-19; Lankard, 1994, p. Sanchez, William, & Others. Washington, DC: U.S. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.Available: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ ed347491.html. 1-19; Gomez,1991, pp. Available:http://www.ed.gov/databases/ ERIC_Digests/ed388489.html. 1-2). (1995-1996, December-January). Kindler, Anneka L. Eugene, OR:ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. Recruitment and retention of minorityteachers in vocational education. Furthermore, it sends the message that the teacher values what the student values, namely the student's customs, culture, and language. Departmentof Education, OBEMLA, NCBE. Available: http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu. (1992, July). The education of linguistically andculturally diverse students: Effective instructional practices.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, OERI.Available: http://ericae.net/db/digs/ ed275792.htm. 3; Gomez, 1991, pp. (1995, January). Cross, B. (1997, January 21). . EDUCATING MINORITY CHILDREN Providing education for children who are not of the dominant cultureposes additional challenges for the classroom teacher. However, there are those (Trueba & Bartolome, 1997) who wouldargue that there is a third approach: simply ignoring them. 1). Chavkin, N. Available:http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ ed347482.html. Read the latest books and journals on related subjects and theoretical discussions; find the best in classroom materials and curricula; 2. Today's teachers must: 1. (1997). This is the practical definition ofaccommodation. Experts (Adger, 1997; Ima & Labovitz, 1991; Rickford, 1999) assert that allowing the social use of a child's home language (bidialectalism) and using a compare and contrast teaching technique in classroom instruction (versus correcting language use mistakes) can ease the student's discomfort. Educational Leadership, 53, 16-19. Be bi-lingual and use more than one language in the classroom (Cazden, 1992, pp. B. . Trueba, Enrique T., & Bartolome, Lilia I. 4; Gomez, 1991, p. Washington, DC: U.S. Family lives and parentalinvolvement in migrant students' education. Educational Leadership 49, 17-22. 3). Cazden, Courtney B. Provide positive role modeling from other cultures and languages. Available:http://ericae.net/db/riecije/ ed3417 .htm. All teachers, not just the language specialist or the teacher of anESL or LEP or immersion classroom, must be specially trained. . 14-15). Language proficiency,ethnicity and standardized test performance on elementary school students.ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. These functionsinclude: 1) Mediator and facilitator of content learning; 2) facilitator of the acquisition of English as a second language; 3) Model on behalf of the dominant language; 4) Mediator of mainstream culture; 5) Advocate for student empowerment; 6) Collaborator (with administrators and other teachers) to provide valuable information about language minority students in their classes and about the content of their classes (Milk, Mercado, & Sapiens, 1992, p. Ima, Kenji, & Labovitz, Eugene M. Language minority education in theUnited States: Implications of the Ramirez Report.

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