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DREAM ANALYSIS.
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Describes & compares theories & concepts of Freud, Carl Jung & Karen Horney.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Describes & compares theories & concepts of Freud, Carl Jung & Karen Horney.
Paper Introduction:
DREAMS
Introduction
This research paper presents dreams according to Freud, Jung, and Horney. The theories of these three analysts are introduced, similarities and differences are noted, and dream analysis viewed by each is discussed.
Theory Discussion: Freud, Jung, & Horney
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed psychoanalysis. His work formulated the psychoanalytic view of human nature. He explained the personality as a closed energy system, made up of unconscious instincts, biological drives that will be attended to, conscious and unconscious parts (Id, Ego, Super Ego), anxieties, and defense systems (repression, denial, intellectualization). Childhood experiences and biological
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C. B. Dream Analysis Freud attempted to compose the first scientific theory of dreams. Self-presentation and self-dramatization may be expressed through differentsymbols. He believed that humans are essentiallyevil and incapable of brotherly love, with as much drive or instinct towarddeath as toward life. Based on what sciencewas about in 19 , Freud focused on the causes of dreams. Jung's method of dream interpretation stated that the dream's purposerather than its causes is the important focus (what for rather than why isthe question to ask). (1992). Freud's dream theory stressed that dreams aim at wish fulfillment,release of sexual tension, and fulfillment of instinctual drives; theyoffered a road to the unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 29, 171-186. Theseinterpretative processes are not inconsistent with latent content revealedby the Freudian interpretation, however, this offers a more holisticperspective (Wolman, 1979). She did not believe, that personality depends on unchangeablebiological forces, or that sexual factors were of such importance. He explained thepersonality as a closed energy system, made up of unconscious instincts,biological drives that will be attended to, conscious and unconscious parts(Id, Ego, Super Ego), anxieties, and defense systems (repression, denial,intellectualization). Freud saw the dream as an invaluable aid to the analytic process,Horney agreed. Horney agreed with Jung that a healing process takes placein dreams; she felt that healing is always in the service of self-realization. Jungvalued emotions as much as thinking for the individual's subjectivedetermination of what was significant and worthwhile to the individual.Freud rejected Kant's structures. Questions help orient the analyst and involve thepatient in working with his own dream. These questions regardthe disquieting factor from which the dream arises, the essentialcharacteristic of the dream, and the evoking factor and the manner in whichthe dream deals with it. Patients were asked whattheir feelings were in the dream. Freud's dream theory stressed that dreams aim at wish fulfillment,release of sexual tension, fulfillment of instinctual drives, and theyoffered a road to the unconscious with universal symbols as a disguise.Jung thought that constructive and healing forces were found in dreams andthey represented the inner truth of the dreamer. Differences are noted between Freud's theory of dreaming and hismethod of interpreting dreams. Differences found between feelingspresent and the dream situation might mean that the patient is alienatedfrom the self. Horney agreed with Jung regardinggrowth. Jung disagreed with Freud regarding issues of the unconscious and theimportance of sex. Jung took the position that the dreamcompensated the limited views of the waking ego; this purpose was inharmony with the information-processing hypothesis of dreaming, with anexpansion beyond mere assimilation of new data (Hall, 1983). Both saw the self as thecentral psychic structure. Jungian dream interpretation. Jung believed that subjective orientation to the consciousnessincluded inborn, Kantian-like structures which shape all experience. Hall, J. G. Jung talked of dreams on two levels, thesubjective (all I) and the objective (I and others) (Hall, 1983; & Willig,1958). Childhood experiences and biological instinctsdetermined who a person is. Rubins, J. Horney postulated two core systems, the real self and the real self-dynamism or integrating system. Horney stated thatidiosyncratic dream symbols are an accurate expression of the dreamer'sprocesses and not a disguised distortion, and dreams offered a road to thetruth of the self that includes nonsexual aspects and allows for growth ofa human being. A. Rather than biological forces she introducedthe effects of cultural environmental forces. Dreams have an interpersonal and an intrapsychic meaning. American Journalof Psychoanalysis, 44(3), 242-253. Canada: InnerCity Books. Jungian psychology views dreams as a natural, regulatory psychicprocess that is analogous to compensatory mechanisms of bodily functioning. For Freud, dream symbols were universal and mainly expressions of thelibido. Handbook of dreams. A significant dream within a dream. The dream may compensate temporary distortions in ego structure, so as todirect one to a more comprehensive understanding of attitudes and actions.A second mode of compensation is the way that the dream as a self-representation of the psyche may face a functioning ego structure with aneed for closer adaptation to the individuation process. Carl G. If a child's behavioralstrategies become a fixed part of the personality, it is called a neuroticneed, a defense from anxiety; she named ten and grouped them into threecategories: the compliant type, the detached type, and the aggressivetype. Jung (1875-1961) developed a system called analyticalpsychology. Therapy was similarly viewed asconsisting of a process of gradual individuation. Her criticisms of Freudian theory includedbiological reductionism, the privileged role of childhood in the genesis ofneurosis, and the central role of the oedipus complex. These amplifications are consciouslyknown but may not be mentioned. Similarities & Differences Freud's ideas regarding dreams and psychoanalysis became widelyknown. Horney believed that motivating forces are the helpless infantfeelings of seeking security, safety, and freedom from fear. Objects and people in the dream may representthe dreamer in symbolic form. (1983). Gershman, H. Freud did not abandon biologicalreductionism, but he evolved toward an evolutionary socio-biologicalreductionism. She recognized, like Freud, the importance of early childhood, butproposed that basic anxiety seeks safety and security and arises from theparent-child relationship. (1995). Horney opposed Freud's attempts to find originsof neurosis; she believed that the neurotic and normal personality is theoutcome of the social and cultural influences of the environment. Wolman, B. He saw libido as life energy with sex as only one part,which expressed itself in all areas, including growth. Dreams result from directing the mind inward andthey have an objective character. Waking life may be filled withrationalizing and maintaining illusions; dreams bypass defensive reasoningand offer a look inward. A. Constructive forces are at work in dreams and themanifest content of the dream are significant. Silber, A. Horney shared Freud's thoughts on the importance of early childhood,but she proposed that basic anxiety arose from the parent-childrelationship, and was a major force motivating us to seek safety andsecurity. Amplification of a dream image is like peeling the layers of acomplex. The translation ofthe dream's manifest content into its latent content does not trace back toan infantile wish (Wolman, 1979). (1983). Grinstein, A. Jung. DREAMS Introduction This research paper presents dreams according to Freud, Jung, andHorney. The second layer is more cultural or transpersonal; red trafficlights meaning stop are an example. Karen Horney (1885-1952) discussed the importance of cultural factorsin the shaping of the personality and neurotic needs. Willig, W. A history of modernpsychology, fifth edition. Jung agreed with the view that the unconscious is important, but heplaced even greater emphasis than Freud, on the unconscious, with the newdimension of the collective unconscious. R. Karen Horney. What Freud called the road to theunconscious, Horney saw as the way to the truth of the self (Willig, 1958). Horney viewed Freud's study of dreams as a vast territory to becultivated. (1987). Both view the person as the resultant of a compromise betweenthe individual and the social. Opposing conceptsincluded the pathogenic role of cultural phenomena rather than instinctualdeterminism in neurosis, importance of the present life situation insteadof just early childhood in the genesis of neurotic trends, a shift fromclinical to character neurosis, and differences in the concept of basicanxiety (Clemmens, 1984; & Ogara, 1984). He explained the personality as aclosed energy system made up of unconscious instincts, biological drives,anxieties, and defense systems. L. (1958). Research, theories andapplications. Freud'stheories revisited. Gentle rebel ofpsychoanalysis. He believed that intuitionwas an illusion and that subjective interpretations of the patient were notvalued (Wollman, 1984). Horney went beyond Freud's sexual basis and stated that dreamsymbols are an accurate expression of the dreamer's processes; dreamsoffered a royal road to the truth of the self (Willig, 1958). Jung saw libido as life energy which expressed itself in allareas. Thus human nature was viewed as biologicallydetermined and driven, rather than a conglomerate of learned behaviors tobe manipulated or a positive potential for self-actualization (Schultz &Schultz, 1992). Horney hadthe advantage of working from developments in areas such as embryology; aview that the biological system is not passive and it exhibits inherentcapacities for ordering and extending itself when provided by theenvironment with the necessary and proper conditions. The genius of the dream. New York: Harcourt. Rather than Freud's view that peopleare victims of childhood experiences, Jung felt that people are shaped byfuture aspirations, as well as the past (Jung, 1964; & Schultz & Schultz,1992). The third level of amplification is an archetypal level.Archetypes are not visible and are often not recognized; the analyst may beunaware of the significance and many human experiences that are archetypalare too commonplace to attract attention (Hall, 1983). (1984). Dreams functioned to release tension and incursleep; they attempt libidinal satisfaction on an infantile level (Willig,1958). Hethought that conscious acceptance of evil depotentiates the effectsinternally and in action towards others (Wollman, 1984). Horney spoke in terms of the individual'screative growth capacities and the environmental factors that foster orblock the growth. Freud viewed the dream as representing repressed infantile wishesthat were unable to come into consciousness due to the censor (super-ego).Dreams are aimed at the release of sexual tension and fulfillment ofinstinctual drives. Freud's rules of dream interpretation. Reactions to the mention of theseamplifications refers to their potential part of the complex behind thedream image. He believed that people have good and evil qualities. Palombo, S. Jung disagreed with Freudregarding issues of the unconscious and the importance of sex; he developeda system called analytical psychology. References Clemmens, E. Horney differed from classical Freudian psychoanalytic thinking andbrought a conceptualization of neurosis that created a new line ofdevelopment in psychoanalysis. For Jungian analysis, dreams are used as a point of reference for theinteraction of the analytic process. Applied dream analysis: A Jungian approach. For Freud, dream-interpretation during analysis includes the productsof association, narration circumstances, dreamer behavior, and every remarkor disclosure made by the dreamer. He felt that manywould be able to reach a state of health and even an actualized state. Dreams. In a good environment, systems interact intrapsychicallyand interpersonally in a flexible and spontaneous way. Different from Freud, she stated men are motivated by wombenvy, rather than women being motivated by penis envy (Schultz & Schultz,1992). His use of dreams in therapy became a major advance toward theunderstanding of the psyche. He admitted to some mental subjectivitybut felt that psychoanalysis overcame this subjectivity and reachedobjective truth regarding human personality. Jung believed that humanity suffered from a sicknessof disassociation by the de-emphasizing of spirituality. P., & Schultz, S. She also talked of the concept of the idealized self-image, amisleading mask, preventing the neurotic person from understanding andaccepting their true self. In Freud's dream interpretations therepressed infantile wish is almost never identified. (1978). He believed the child's attachment to its mother represents adependency need for food. She stressed that dream symbols can be interpreted morebroadly than on a sexual basis alone. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 43(3), 219-229. The wishes bypassed this obstruction by distortion,disguise, and deception. Horney proposed a more optimistic view aboutthe personality, that neurotic conflicts were avoidable (Schultz & Schultz,1992). Theory Discussion: Freud, Jung, & Horney Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed psychoanalysis. Wollman, N. Jung placed great emphasis on theunconscious; he added a new dimension, the inherited experiences of humansand animal ancestors (the collective unconscious) (Schultz & Schultz,1992). His technique of asking patients for freeassociations to the details of their dreams has remained a basic techniqueof psychoanalysis even among Jungians whose views regarding humanpersonality are radically different. Freud assigned the dream to the role of guarding sleep from anirruption of repressed impulses. Ogara, C. (1983). The dreamwas viewed as the most valuable instrument in the evaluation of patientgrowth (Gershman, 1983). The self may beexperienced differently in a dream than in waking life (Willig, 1958). Similarities are found between the psychoanalytic theories of Horneyand Jung. American Journal Psychoanalysis, 18,127-137. Current application of Horney theory to dreaminterpretation. Libido was stated to undergo fourdevelopmental stages: oral, anal, phallic, and genital; the phallic stageends with a resolution of the Oedipal conflict. He wasmore optimistic than Freud regarding societal justice and non-violence. Dreams helped the therapist to know what is going on in thetreatment situation. New York: Dial Press. Shechallenged the Oedipal theory, libido, and Freudian structure of thepersonality. The work of Karen Horney. He stressed the constructive forces in dreams and compared thisto organizing processes with inherent healing tendencies. Three steps in the Jungian approach to dream interpretation includethe following: a clear understanding of the dream details; a gathering ofassociations and amplifications in progressive order on personal, cultural,and archetypal levels; and a placing of the amplified dream in the contextof the dreamer's life situation and individuation process (Hall, 1983). (1983). Jung thought that more constructive andhealing forces were found in dreams; dreams represented the inner truth ofthe dreamer. He stated that dreams within a dreamrepresent intentions to detract from the importance of what is dreamt inthe dream; it is equivalent to wishing that the what was described, neverhappened, and it is an affirmation that it did happen (Silber, 1983; &Stimmel, 1995). Jung claimedthat the dream presents the inner truth of the dreamer as he is and not asit is supposed to be. Both felt that masculine and femininetrends are universally complementary. First, personal associations such as where the image appeared inthe patient's life, and what is thought and felt of the image, are noted.If for example a person known to the dreamer appears in a dream, it raisesthe question as to whether the dream image needs to be taken objectively(other person) or subjectively (personifies the dreamer) (Hall, 1983). Individuals were viewed by Freud as having a constant amount ofenergy, or libido. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, LXIV, 658-671. The interpretation of dreams. She thought that dreams represent the realityof the self and do not need to be turned inside out to understand theirmeaning (Freud, 1996; Gershman, 1983; Grinstein, 1983; Porter, 1987; &Wolman, 1979). Jung presented a more fruitful approach to the understanding of dreamsymbolism. Conclusion Freud developed psychoanalysis. Symbols are chosen precisely to express meaningin the dream. (1983). Hebelieved that dreams are capable of interpretation. Stimmel, B. Grounded in thistheory, Horney evolved a personality theory based on assumptions ofstriving toward self-realization that are found to be inherent in thebiological system of the organism (Wolman, 1979). (1964). She proposed thatbasic anxiety included a child's feeling of being isolated and helpless ina potentially hostile world, and it arose from the parent-childrelationship. In this way the patient reclaimswhat has been disowned. Shethought that the total organization of the personality is what matters andit is the focus for theory and practice (Ogara, 1984). The personality wasdeveloped by biologically driven psychosexual forces (Schultz & Schultz,1992). Man and his symbols. She sawdevelopmental stages as having to do with the way that a child is treatedby patents rather than psychosexual stages. Dreams are attempts at solution in search of inner unity (Willig,1958). Porter, L. This usuallyhappens when an individual is deviating from the true personal path. E. The dream'sinterpretation is never considered exhausted; subsequent dreams may involvea continuing dialogue between the ego and the unconscious. Horney's approach allows for more of the growth of a human beingtoward maturity (Gershman, 1983; & Wolman, 1979). Dreams were the road to the unconscious(Gershman, 1983; Palombo, 1983; & Willig, 1958). R. Instincts were those that preserve life (hunger), andpleasure (sex), life force (Eros or love), and death force (Thanatos ordeath). Childhood experiences (sexual stages) andbiological instincts determined the personality. His work also included terms such asintroversion and extroversion, and the theory that, the personality differsthrough four functions: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting (Schultz& Schultz, 1992). Contrasts between Jung and Freud: Theintertwining of life and theory. R. Freud based his theories of behavior on the nineteenth centuryphilosophical and scientific notions of biological materialism. Horney believed that for a dream interpretation tobe plausible it must stimulate further discussion, the symbols must relateto the patient's emotions, and solutions expressed must connect with thepatient's conflicts (Rubins, 1978; & Wolman, 1979). Freud placed a greater emphasis than Jung on reducing psychicalprocesses to biological ones. Dream motifs may refer to the presentor the past (Hall, 1983; & Mattoon, 1978). Mattoon, M. The theories of these three analysts are introduced, similaritiesand differences are noted, and dream analysis viewed by each is discussed. Jung used terms such as psyche (conscious, personal unconscious, andcollective unconscious). Freud believed that the dream must disguise feelingsto bypass the censor. JournalAmerican Psychoanalytic Association, 31(4), 899-915. Jung felt that dreams must be read against the context ofthe dreamer's current life. Although even Freudfound that healthy people dream as well, the only function of dreaming thehis theory hypothesized was the catharsis or safety-valve function;repressed infantile wishes were given opportunities for fulfillment indreams to prevent tension build-ups in waking life (Freud, 1996; & Wolman,1979). Athird type of process includes the archetypal core of the ego which is theenduring basis of the self and can be identified with many ego-identities.The dream may attempt to directly alter the structure of complexes on whichthe ego is relying for identity at conscious levels (Hall, 1983). He considered the selfto be the most important archetype (others were: persona, anima and animus,and shadow), balancing all aspects of the unconscious and providing unityand stability to the personality. New York:Gramercy. Hethought that there is a natural process in the psyche which is therapeuticin nature. This basic anxiety is a major force which motivates theseeking of safety and security. Symbols forthe analytic situation are chosen according to the manner that the patientexperiences the situation. The concept of neurosis in Karen Horney.American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 44(3), 316-333. Dreams were seen as accurate,condensed expressions of processes going on in the individual. (1979). He talked of complexes in the personalunconscious (themes of emotions, memories, wishes). Jung viewed dreams as representing the inner truth of the dreamer.Feelings in dreams were viewed as important. For Horney, dreams are seen as dramatic expressions of unconsciousprocesses that are not recognized, to various degrees. However inhis work The Interpretation of Dreams, in a count of how many times Freud'sinterpretations included identifications of these repressed infantilewishes, the finding is none. In an impoverished,destructive environment they become compulsive, rigid, and static (Wolman,1979). (1984). Freud's dream theory assumed that repressedinfantile wishes were always a dream's motive source of energy. New York: Wiley & Sons. The individual experiences the self in different ways and throughdivergent aspects (for example the hunter and the hunted). M. Horney viewed dreams differently than Jung; to Horney the objectivewas also the subjective. For Jung life force expresseditself in all areas including growth. Increased awarenessin dreams is important to notice. Freud had a negative view of humanity with little chance forhappiness and good mental health. The analyst and the patient areallies in the attempt to understand the dream's message. Others in the dream are often aspects ofthe self. All elongated objects were a symbol of the penis and all vaultswere symbols of the vagina. Freud favored the concept of universal symbolization and Horney sawthe idiosyncratic nature of symbols and their meanings. (1984). New York: Doubleday. Evenuninterpreted dreams appear to impact the waking consciousness, thoughbenefits may be weak and transitory. The dream is the compositeof a number of symbols or metaphors pertaining to the whole person in thestruggle between fantasy and reality; conflicts are expressed. He rejected Freud'sOedipus complex, and believed a child's attachment to its mother is interms of a dependency need for food. Boston: Twayne. Horney thought that the analyst must take into consideration thepatient's whole character structure with neurotic and constructive systemsand must ask specific questions about the dream. Freud, S. The interpretation of dreams. Jung felt that people are also shaped by goals,hopes, and aspirations for the future. Freud failed to consider nonsexualinterpersonal problems that can be represented in dreams with sexualimagery. Horney incorporated contributions of her predecessors and stated thatthe patient's dreams offer the greatest help in understanding a patient.She believed that in dreams a person is closer to the reality of the self.Dreams were seen as representing attempts to solve conflicts, in a neuroticor in a healthy manner. Horney stated that dreams help give insightregarding the patient and are a more truthful holistic expression ratherthan a disguised distortion. Dreams need to be regarded as real rather than asymbolic experience, to increase the chances that the compensatoryinfluences of the unconscious would be consciously assimilated. Although heintended the theory of dream formation to develop into the scientifictheory, his method of interpretation was only a method that was defined bythe goals and constraints of psychiatric treatment. American Journalof Psychoanalysis, 43(4), 3 1-313. His workformulated the psychoanalytic view of human nature. Freud's views on the study of dreamsoffered the contribution and demonstration that dreams reveal somethingimportant about the dreamer; this concept is shared by Jung and others(Porter, 1987). She stated men are motivated by womb envy(Clemmens, 1984; & Schultz & Schultz, 1992). (1978). Unlike Freud's view of theunconscious being a hole of repressed desires, Jung saw the unconscious asa world that is as vital and real a part of the life of an individual asthe conscious (Jung, 1964; & Schultz & Schultz, 1992). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.----------------------- 15 The written dream: Action, resistance, andrevelation. A symbol in oneperson's dreams may represent a different meaning to another; the samesymbol in one person's dream can offer different meanings in differentcontexts at different times. Jung used biological explanations in limited instances only(Wollman, 1984). He saw sexual motivation or life instinct as biologically rootedand demanding satisfaction. NewYork: International Universities Press. Dreams are visions of the essential being, intuitiveinsights to the inner processes and experiences of what goes on within theself (Willig, 1958, & Jung, 1964). (1996). However, she felt that all dreams are not directed towardself-realization; the neurotic drive toward self-idealization is alsofound. Schultz, D.
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