For more information
Call 1-800-351-0222

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY.
  Term Paper ID:23741 		Get This Paper Free! or
Essay Subject:
Definition, underlying personality theory, role of therapist, causes of health & abnormality, techniques, effectiveness.... More...
6 Pages / 1350 Words
13 sources, 9 Citations, APA Format
$24.00

More Papers on This Topic


Paper Abstract:
Definition, underlying personality theory, role of therapist, causes of health & abnormality, techniques, effectiveness.

Paper Introduction:
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Phenomenology Cognitive behavioral therapy has been described, analyzed and evaluated over the last fifteen years. Cognitive-behavioral theories and treatments are defined and elaborated on (Eifert & Plaud, 1993). Cognitive therapy views the personality as based on cognitive structures and shaped by central values or core beliefs, called schemas, that develop early in life as a result of environmental factors, and are unique to each individual. Schemata are defined as mental structures that help organize past experiences; they range from concrete to abstract and operate interactively with one another. Data is accumulated, coded, categorized, and evaluated by schemas. Cognitions are defined as

Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.


Theprocess of guided discovery rather than direct confrontation, facilitatesthe process, maximizes the client's involvement, and minimizes the client'sfeeling that the therapist is attempting to impose ideas on the client.Guided discovery provides the client with a method to understand and solvehis own problems, which can be used to deal with future situations(Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, & Simon, 199 ). Schemas, or complex patterns of thoughts determine how experiencesare perceived and conceptualized, and are employed in the absence of data;therefore, schemas tend to reinforce preconceived ideas. D. New York: Plenum Press.Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Fleming, B., & Simon, L. Cognitive therapy views the personality as based on cognitivestructures and shaped by central values or core beliefs, called schemas,that develop early in life as a result of environmental factors, and areunique to each individual. From behavior theory to behaviortherapy: the contributions of behavioral theories and research to theadvancement of behavior therapy. Cognitive-behavioraltreatments. Clinicalapplications of cognitive therapy. (1993). Therapeutic Techniques & Treatment Effectiveness Cognitive therapy initially focuses on symptom relief, to includedistortions in logic and problem behaviors. Models of abnormality incorporate irrational cognitive distortionswhich result in pathological reactions. Cognitive treatment employs many strategies. Beliefs can be found in the client, which result in healthyor dysfunctional behavior. Automatic thoughts are consideredmore stable and less accessible than voluntary thoughts, patients may needto be trained to recognize these thoughts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 6, 1 83-9 .Freeman, A., & Dattilio, F. New York: Plenum Press.Hoffmann, N. Four attitudes or cognitions that are viewed asrelated to health are: the believe that one can trust others and rely ontheir help; trust in one's own behavior and the possibility of effectingchanges in the environment; the belief that one's own life is meaningful;and the belief that one possesses a coherent and integrated personalidentity (Hoffmann, 1984; Kendall & Panichelli-Mindel, 1995). (1989). By entering the world of the client, the therapistassists in the process of empirically investigating existing cognitions andoffering techniques for change. & Plaud, J. M. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 4, 611-9.Edelman, R. Cognitions are defined as thoseprocesses that encompass the organization of sensory input, and theinitiation of behavior (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992; Freeman, Simon, Beutler &Arkowitz, 1989; Hoffmann, 1984). Edelman and Chambless (1995) examinedclients with social phobia and found cognitive-behavioral treatment to beeffective, particularly for those who adhered to homework instructions; 6month follow-up showed these clients reported less anxiety and more changesin avoidant behavior. F. Therapy does not seekto uncover unconscious early trauma or other contributions to psychologicaldysfunction, it strives to adapt a new way to process the environment, orto develop new schemas. Fallacious thinking, orcognitive distortions, contribute to the feedback loops that supportpsychological disorders (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992; Freeman, Simon, Beutler& Arkowitz, 1989). Cognitions are hierarchically arranged bydegree of accessibility and stability. Cognitive behavioral therapy offers a phenomonological approachtoward understanding the development and maintenance of the personality, aswell as therapeutic methods of change. & Costello, E. New York: Plenum Press.Freeman, A., Simon, K. Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. REFERENCESBorkovec, T. In severe cases, the therapist may act moredirective to help the patient organize thoughts. (1995). Understanding and participation intherapy is encouraged as is the reinforcement of learning new paradigms.The patient acts as an active co-investigator providing the data to beexamined. Automatic thoughts are usuallypowerful and accompanied by affect, they reveal distortions in informationprocessing and represent the patient's beliefs. (1993). Cognitive therapy is described as collaborative empiricism. The patient assumes theresponsibility for observing and monitoring thoughts and images, forcompleting homework assignments, and for providing feedback regardingtreatment (Freedman, Simon, Beutler, & Arkowitz, 1989). M. Comprehensive casebook of cognitive therapy. Voluntary thoughts and automatic thoughts andassumptions are challenged. Engels, Garnefski, and Diekstra (1993) studied theefficacy of rational-emotive therapy (RET) with a meta-analysis of 28controlled studies; RET was found to be more effective than placebo andequally effective to other therapies such as systematic desensitization.Borkovev and Costello (1993) reported on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder;CBT was found to contain active ingredients in the treatment of thisdisorder as well as the maintenance of change. M. The therapist provides techniques specific to targeted symptoms,providing a rationale for each used. Healthy or unhealthy cognitionsdeveloped throughout a person's life, define the personality and result inemotions and behavior. Therapeutic change occurs in cognitions,behaviors, and emotions. As an educator, he participates toinfluence the client to think for himself, maximize personal strengths, andacquire cognitive skills and behavior control. Other techniques to help insurecognitive changes include: replacement imagery, cognitive rehearsal,behavioral techniques, assertiveness training and behavioral rehearsal,graded task assignments, bibliotherapy, relaxation and meditation, socialskills training, and homework (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992). Ultimately, it modifiesunderlying assumptions and corrects systematic bias in thinking. Cognitive therapy has been shown to beeffective for treatment of mental disorders. M., Beutler, L. Comprehensive handbook of cognitive therapy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 1, 1 7-121.----------------------- 3 Journal of Behavior Therapy andExperimental Psychiatry, 24, 2, 1 1-1 5.Engels, G. (1984). COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Phenomenology Cognitive behavioral therapy has been described, analyzed andevaluated over the last fifteen years. Both therapist and patient decide on therapeutic goals. Psychological health is viewed as determined byinterpersonal effectiveness, or the ability to achieve intended effectsthrough behavior and the ability to participate in genuine and humanerelationships with others. Techniques include:downward arrow, idiosyncratic meaning, labeling of distortions, questioningthe evidence, examining options and alternatives, reattribution,decatastrophizing, advantages and disadvantages, paradox or exaggeration,and turning adversity to advantage. E., & Chambless, D. (199 ). Thetherapist works with the client to help him recognize cognitions, test thevalidity of the thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions that are consideredimportant, and to make desired changes in cognition and behavior. J. Cognitive-behavioral theories andtreatments are defined and elaborated on (Eifert & Plaud, 1993). (1995). Schemata are defined as mental structures thathelp organize past experiences; they range from concrete to abstract andoperate interactively with one another. E., & Arkowitz, H. Foundations of cognitive therapy. Core beliefs or schemataare the most stable cognitive structures and are reached by a process ofinterference. New experiences are created to help build morefunctional schemas (Kendall & Panichelli-Mindel, 1995). (1993). Analysis of efficacy of cognitive therapy reveals positive results;cognitive therapy appears to work. H. Efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: a quantitative analysis. Adherence during sessions andhomework in cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 5, 573-7.Eifert, G. Data is accumulated, coded,categorized, and evaluated by schemas. Psychologicalproblems are viewed as stemming from faulty learning, incorrect inferencesbased on inadequate or incorrect information, and the lack of adequatedistinction between imagination and reality. Thepatient's beliefs are treated as hypotheses to be tested; they arelogically examined and tested through behavioral experiments, determined byboth therapist and patient. Each approach isdesigned to explore the dysfunctional interpretations and distortedmeanings attached to a patient's experiences, and to modify cognitions whenthey are found to be unrealistic or unreasonable. The therapist as a consultant, provides ideas for experimentation.As a diagnostician, he gathers data and integrates the data to determinewhat is best for the current situation. I., Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R. C., & Panichelli-Mindel, S. The therapeutic processcombines cognition change procedures with behavioral contingency managementand learning experiences to help change distorted information processing.Emotion and cognitive processing are both involved. Thetherapist provides skills and designs behavioral experiments to serve ascorrective experiences. (1992). L. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on how peoplerespond to their cognitive interpretations of experiences rather than tothe environment or the experience itself, and how thoughts and behaviorsare related. Etiology of Health & Abnormality Models of health and abnormality can be identified through presentcognitive structuring. Examples of these distortionsinclude the following: arbitrary inferences, which are conclusions made inthe absence of supporting evidence; selective abstraction, orconceptualizing a situation by ignoring all information and focusing on adetail taken out of context; overgeneralization, or allowing an isolatedincident to serve as a representation of all similar situations, related ornot; magnification and minimization, which is perceiving a situation to agreater or lesser light than it deserves; personalization, or attributingexternal events to oneself without sufficient evidence for the conclusion;labeling and mislabeling, or portraying one's identity on the basis ofimperfections and mistakes previously make, allowing these to define one'strue self; dichotomous thinking, or codifying experiences as black orwhite; disqualifying the positive; mind reading; fortune-telling; emotionalreasoning; and "should" statements (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992; Freeman,Simon, Beutler & Arkowitz, 1989; Hoffmann, 1984). Therapy identifies schemata and counteracts their negativeeffects (Freeman, Simon, Beutler, & Arkowitz, 1989). New York: Plenum Press.Kendall, P. Model of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy uses a learning model of psychotherapy, and isbased on a collaborative relationship between the therapist and thepatient.

If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:

Search for:

or

We can write a Custom Essay just for you.


Browse Essays by Subject