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CHILD ABUSE IN HISPANIC COMMUNITY.
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Causes & effects, incidence, implications for social work, systems theory & symbolic interactionism.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Causes & effects, incidence, implications for social work, systems theory & symbolic interactionism.

Paper Introduction:
CHILD ABUSE WITHIN THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY Introduction The research examines the phenomenon of child abuse among Hispanics residing in the United States. Implications for social work are addressed. The Phenomenon of Child Abuse American society is becoming increasingly sensitized to the phenomenon of child abuse. Politicians, social service professionals, criminal justice professionals, and other responsible parties are under increasing pressures to develop and implement policies that will both protect the public, provide assistance to victims, and provide help to the extent possible to the perpetrators of child abuse. A variety of reasons underlie the social and psychological problems e

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455-464). Zayas, L. There are strong societal tendencies to blame victims for the abuseperpetrated against them. 113-119). This approachfits into the general pattern of systems theorists and symbolicinteractionists who attempt to mitigate the guilt of child sexual abuserperpetrators through the implication of other family members as causativeagents. Psychiatrically, abusers of children are typically unstable, immature,characterized by poor impulse control, and, in many instances, psychotic(Kaplan & Sadock, pp. 291-3 9). Washington: NationalAssociation of Social Workers. 16-25) contends that such behaviorrepresents a pattern of interaction learned in an abuser's childhood whenthe abuser himself was a victim of child sexual abuse. . N. feelings of inadequacy and failure, with an overwhelming belief thatwhatever" is wrong in the family is largely their fault, and thatresponsibility for correction of the problem also largely is theirs (p.124). Abusing parentsare typically unable to establish effective limits for their children. (1992, October). The Phenomenon of Child Abuse American society is becoming increasingly sensitized to the phenomenonof child abuse. (1991, Fall). Approximately 5 percent of child abuse cases occur in householdsreceiving public assistance, while the remaining 5 percent occur in higherincome households (Kaplan & Sadock, p. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,3(2), 1-14. Maltreating families: Alook at siblings. The psychological and emotionaleffects on these children often include "repressed memories, . Mennen, F. Levang (1989, pp. "A long road home:" Working with adultsurvivors of child sexual abuse. Thus, the symbolic interactionist approach may beappropriate for application in abusing Hispanic families. Childhood antecedents of antisocial behavior:Parental alcoholism and abusiveness. M. Journal of Family Psychology, 4(2), 151-166. I., & Sadock, B. Jean-Gilles, M., & Crittenden, P. CHILD ABUSE WITHIN THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY Introduction The research examines the phenomenon of child abuse among Hispanicsresiding in the United States. L., Parra, J. Internal and interpersonal: The familytransmission of father-daughter incest. Comprehensive textbook ofpsychiatry/VII. (1992, December). P. HispanicJournal of Behavioral Sciences, 16(4), 475-486. 129). Childrearing, social stress, and childabuse. This approach to child abusedraws fire from critics who contend that the concept that child sexualabuse serves a functional purpose in families tends to legitimize suchbehavior. Howing, P. 167). 85-113)argued that symbolic interactionism provides a framework for thedevelopment of preventive programming for psychopathology that can lead toreductions in the incidence of child abuse. Self-esteem amongthese children is typically low, and they tend to have a low sense of self-worth. Child maltreatmentas a community problem. The most debilitatingoutcomes of abuse experienced by a young person are a loss of self-esteem,hopelessness, and depression (Ogata, 199 , pp. (1992). J., Trapper, T. (199 , December). One of these factorsis abuse perpetrated by someone in a position of trust or authority in thelife of a young person (Howing, 199 , pp. (1992). M., Prihoda, T. 1-1 ). Few standardized measures fit all culturalgroups (French, 1993, pp. Journal of Primary Prevention, 13(2), 85-113. What is known is that theproportion of Hispanic child abuse victims is higher than the proportion ofHispanics in the total population (Huston, Parra, Prihoda, & Foulds, p.172). Child abuse and delinquency: The empirical andtheoretical links. A variety of reasons underlie the social and psychological problemsexhibited by many children in contemporary society. 327). guilt, .. (199 ). The relationship of race/ethnicity to symptomsof childhood sexual abuse. 172). 29).The year-to-year percentage increase in the number of child abuse cases hasbeen decreasing since 1983; however, society cannot be complacent aboutthis apparent trend, because as the base number of child abuse casesincreases, an increase in the absolute number of such cases occurringwithin a given year may not translate into an increase in the growth ratefor child abuse cases over the rate recorded in the preceding year.Politicians and public administrators typically are quick to claim creditfor the false improvement in a situation deriving from such mathematicalanomalies. (1991). Socialworkers must be aware that child abuse is not only a symptom of individualor family trouble, but also is a symptom of community trouble (Garbarino &Kostelny, 1992, pp. Mennen, F. Unfortunately, no causal relationship hasbeen established between the variables ethnicity and socioeconomic statusin relation to the prevalence of child abuse. Australia and New Zealand Journal ofFamily Therapy, 13(1), 16-25. Hispanic victims of child abuse tend to experience greater levelsof depression and anxiety than that which characterizes the generalpopulation of abuse children (Mennen, 1994, pp. No man's land? Such children often arerequired to deal with sexual, physical, and psychological violence directedagainst either themselves or other family members by the alcoholic parentor parents (Kokin & Walker, 1989, p. Development and evaluation of a familysystems approach to the treatment of child sexual abuse. Applying a symbolic interactionist approach to the assessment of childsexual abuse, Sanders (1992, pp. Heras, Gomez, and Thomas(1992, pp. This perspective iscriticized as an effort to relieve perpetrators of their responsibility forabusive behaviors (Boss, 1992, pp. Social work almanac. (1989, Spring). 129).These characteristics are (1) a sense of helplessness and powerlessness,(2) a feeling of humiliation, (3) a feeling of dependence on the abusingperson, (4) a feeling of dehumanization, valuelessness, and insignificance,(5) a state of bewilderment and confusion, and (6) a tendency to copesimply to survive. 15-18). Implications for social work are addressed. French, L. A. Frosh, S. 475-486). Child abuse associated with alcohol abuse by perpetrators tends toextend over shorter time periods for Hispanic children--2.16 years than forAfrican-American children--2.23 years and Anglo children--3.99 years(Mennen, 1994, pp. The perpetrators of child abuse in the United States are typically (5 percent) those adults who are closest to the child (Kaplan & Sadock, 1991,p. Abused Hispanic children tend to beyounger than abused children generally (Huston, Parra, Prihoda, & Foulds,p. E. 323-329). Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(1), 115-124. . Hispanic children, more so than either Anglo orAfrican American children, are likely to be abused by an extended familymember (Huston, Parra, Prihoda, & Foulds, 1995, p. Politicians, social service professionals, criminaljustice professionals, and other responsible parties are under increasingpressures to develop and implement policies that will both protect thepublic, provide assistance to victims, and provide help to the extentpossible to the perpetrators of child abuse. 28-44) applied systems theory to explain father-daughter incest as a process of vacillating balance between fathers,mothers, and daughters within family structures. Fathers and step-fathersfrequently are the abusers of children in Hispanic families (Huston, Parra,Prihoda, & Foulds, p. M. Sexual abuse in Latina girls. R. ContemporaryFamily Therapy, 11(1), 28-44. Several characteristics tend to be both prevalent and more significantchild victims of abuse than in other children (Kokin & Walker, p. Sanders, C. Pollock, V. Ginsberg, L. (1994, November). 119-124) emphasized the need for socialwork professionals dealing with child abuse to be exposed to cross-culturaleducation and psychology. Implications For Social Work Reports indicate that the number of child abuse cases in the UnitedStates increases annually, and that these increases are greater than theincrease in the child population of the country (Ginsberg, 1992, p. Huston, R. J., & Foulds, D. The presence of alcohol abuse within family units creates furtherdifficulties for children in the household. Babins (1991, pp. E. Father-daughter incest. Greenspun, W. (1992, Winter). 328-329). 1 3-128) analyzed child sexual abuse within asymbolic interactionist context, suggesting that such behavior fulfillsdifferent functions in different families. (199 ). V., & Thomas, J. Levang. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. L., & Weissberg, R. Journal of Childand Youth Care, 1 3-128. T. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(2), 113-119. Pollock (199 , pp. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 147, 1 8-1 13. Most family systems theoristsplace the origins of child abuse in disturbances in family structure andinteraction patterns (Frosh, 1988, pp. C. 151-166), while recognizingthat the systems theory approach to child abuse is blind to the societalimpact of the behavior, as well as being blind to the effects on individualfamily members, nevertheless argue that the systemic approach to thetreatment of such malfunctioning families is the most effective model. H. Women married to alcoholics. Within this context, Harwood and Weissberg (1992, pp. Barrett, M. Adapting projective tests for minority children.Psychological Reports, 72(1), 15-18. Until the combination of these two factorsare effectively addressed in the thinking of both society and theindividual members of society, one can expect that assault generally andchild assault particularly will continue. Hispanic families are exposed to unusualsocial stresses along a continuum of emigration, migration, culturaladaptation, and economic uncertainty (Zayas, 1992, pp. The preponderance of child abuse casesinvolve children three-years old or younger, although a substantial numberof cases also involve older children. A conceptualframework for context-sensitive prevention programming: A symbolicinteractionist perspective. British Journal of Guidance& Counseling, 16(1), 1-1 . 1-14)suggests that the intergenerational pattern of father-daughter incest isexplained through the concept of projective identification by mother andfather into which the daughter is later triangulated. Social Work, 35, 244-249. Harwood, R. 119-124) emphasized that, while incest is taboo in Hispanicculture, maintaining the family tends to be accorded priority over concernsabout child molestation. N. Barrett, Trapper, and Fish (199 , pp. 244-49). 1 8-1 13). 327). A. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16(4), 455-464. Ogata, S. 119-12 ). (1992, March). Journal of ChildSexual Abuse, 1(3), 119-124. This approach, which is rather typical ofsystems theorists, does not restrict blame for child sexual abuse to theperpetrator of such abuse, but also faults victims and other familymembers. Family Relations, 39, 323-329. . As Hispanics aredisproportionately represented in the lower socioeconomic groups in theAmerican population, this statistic is relevant to this examination ofchild abuse among Hispanics. J. Kokin, M., & Walker, I. S., & Stone, L. 173). Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adultpatients with borderline personality disorder. Thebattered child is the most prevalent image of the abused child in theUnited States; however, psychological damage stemming from sexual abusefrequently poses more serious risks for the child. Feminist-informed family therapy for the treatment of intrafamily child sexualabuse. Heras, Gomez, and Thomas (pp. (1995).Characteristics of childhood sexual abuse in a predominantly Mexican-American population. (1988, January). (199 ). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. The cycle ofabuse, hopelessness, depression, and the loss of self-esteem is associatedwith such outcomes as a failure to develop effective interpersonal skills,ineffective social integration, and dysfunctional families (Jean-Gilles &Crittenden, 199 , pp. 129 -1293) found that children of divorced parentswere more likely than were other children to experience abuse. Greenspun (1994, pp. A treatment theorybased in systems theory is recommended for such a family. New York;William Morrow and Company, Inc. Social work professionals, however, must not allow themselvesto be lulled by the smoke and mirrors of such situations. (1994). The motives for assault on children usuallyinvolve power and frustration. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(2), 165-176. (199 ). In approximately 3 percent of the cases, the abuser is themother, while the father is the abuser in about 2 percent of the cases,and the remaining 5 percent of cases of abuse are perpetrated by a varietyof persons, such as baby-sitters, boy friends or live-in lovers of themother, and so forth. References Babins, W. (1989). Heras, P., Gomez, M. (1994). 13 ). Journal of Social distress and the Homeless, 1(3-4), 291-3 9. Child abuse victims also tend to be approval seekers.Such children also tend to find it difficult to both define their ownidentity, and to determine what is expected of them. Primacy of perception in family stresstheory and measurement. (1992, July-August). E. Boss, P. Kaplan, H. S. Asa consequence, these children are often unable to "learn the differencebetween right and wrong," and between "acceptable and unacceptablebehavior" (Kokin & Walker, p. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147,129 -1293.

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