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BENEFITS OF COMPETITION.
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Argues that Amer. society prospers politically, economically & culturally when a strongly competitive environment prevails.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Argues that Amer. society prospers politically, economically & culturally when a strongly competitive environment prevails.
Paper Introduction:
Competition is the lifeblood of American society. It is celebrated as a virtue at all levels of our society. It fuels business and determines who succeeds and who does not--those who are able to compete succeed, while those who cannot will fail. We celebrate it in sporting events and teach it as a value to the young from the time they begin school. School itself becomes an arena for competition--students compete with one another for a high position on the infamous "grading curve" which of necessity means that some will fail simply because others succeed. It should come as no surprise that competition is an essential and unavoidable element in our economy and that fostering competition has become a strategy for spurring growth, ending recession, and creating jobs, revenues, and a higher standard of living for everyone.
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The Japanese have flanked us with fast-cycle flexible manufacturing operations (Romm, 1992, 16). The Japanese are seen asmore competitive in the use of robotics, for instance. has also laggedbehind), and differences in educational systems which have made comparisonsbetween the U.S. and R.A. For much of this century, labor andmanagement have been adversaries battling for supremacy. OUTLINEI. . Lack of research and developmentIII. Any reduction in economicpower is attributed to the idea of competition and to our failure toprepare ourselves to compete in a changing world. It fuels business and determineswho succeeds and who does not--those who are able to compete succeed, whilethose who cannot will fail. Romm believes that decades of the coldWar have left the U.S. . New York: John Wiley & Sons.Romm, J.J. Conceptions of competition are taught to managers in order to changethe way they make decisions. Nature of competition B. Ability to cope with changing demands 1. Competition is today much discussed in terms of technology, andimprovements in technology are seen as valuable precisely because theyenable our economy to be more competitive. failures in recent years 2. Competition isdiscussed particularly with respect to technology as it is believed thatJapan has moved ahead in research and development in high technology andthat this is the reason why America is less competitive today. The new systems are not instruments of profit making at all, but rather values to which People Express should be committed regardless of the outcome on the business. Even with this history of conflict a manager today has no excuse for not attempting to work with union officials both to enhance the competitiveness of the company and to provide fair treatment for his employees ( Mills, 1985, 241).Competition in the American economy thus may produce insurmountableproblems or an environment of positive change and cooperation. Reaction to changed business environmentV. New York: Praeger. ReferencesGraham, J.R. Making American more competitive: policies for a global future. We celebrate it in sporting events and teachit as a value to the young from the time they begin school. Importance to American society and economyII. Sources of competitiveness A. Yet, in this area today Americais seen as less competitive than it should be. today is at a crossroad, "the issue ofdeveloping an economy capable of competing in the new international tradewars" (2). (1985). business community continues to lose ground, it will be due directly to the superior commitment of the rest of the world (Graham, 1992, 11).Whatever the specific rationale offered for the American loss incompetitiveness and leadership in the world economy, inherent in alldiscussions is the idea that competitiveness itself is a necessary virtueand one that made the American economy great. Attempts to foster cooperationwithin a business are seen as efforts to increase external competitiveness. American industry still uses the traditional mass production techniques that built this nation over the past century. Valued as means to an end 2. At the same time, anumber of factors are cited as slowing growth in the U.S., factors whichcan be seen as having an influence on competitiveness, among them thedegree of investment in new industrial plant and equipment (lower in theU.S. Importance of competitiveness 1. and other industrialized nations difficult and which maycontribute at least to our perception of competitiveness (Whicker andMoore, 1988, 16 -161). than in other industrial nations since the 195 s), investment inrelevant research and development (in which the U.S. Fosteringcompetition is one of the primary ways in which government influences theeconomy in an attempt to spur growth and create jobs. has failed to have thenecessary commitment. New York: William Morrow.Whicker, M.L. When they do worktogether, they can make the entire business more competitive with others inthe industry, and this is therefore the goal sought today. Compared to Japan 2. ABSTRACT Competition is a vital element in American society, infusingbusiness, politics, the arts, every facet of life in some degree.Competition is especially important in the American economy. Moore (1988). Competition as Decision Making Tool A. The means are an independent commitment, he insists, regardless of the ends (Mills, 1985, 216).No one is decrying making profits, for that is the purpose of business, butcommitment will produce profits along with other benefits by making thegiven business competitive. Commitment means being competitive, and beingcompetitive means positive change. Competition as positive change D. Another holds that competitivenessof a matter of commitment and that the U.S. (1992). Competitiveness is seen as a virtue to be nurtured.There are different levels of competitiveness in business. Whicker and Moore (1988) express thisidea when they state that the U.S. Graham (1992), for instance, feels it is amatter of lack of commitment: If we lose the race, it won't be the superior quality or the greater productivity of the Japanese, the Germans, the Russians, the Koreans or the Colombians that cause us to fall behind. If the U.S. Valued by different theoristsIV. It is celebratedas a virtue at all levels of our society. Every commentator seems to have a different rationale for why Americais becoming less competitive. Failures in competitiveness A. able to respond competitively in the military arenabut not in the business arena: Decades of single-mindedness have left us poorly equipped to respond to nonmilitary security threats. Militarily competitive but not in business B. Competition taught to managers B. (1992, July). America seen as less competitive 1. People Express serves as example C. Competition is the lifeblood of American society. Mills (1985) cites the case of People Expressas a company that would agree with Romm about the importance of commitment,here noted with reference to new systems instituted in the company toreduce costs and increase profits: The new systems are not simply a means to the end of a more profitable business, nor even an important and independently valuable means. Failure to keep up in technology B. U.S. One holds thatcompetitiveness is the ability to cope with changing demands, and the U.S.has failed to do this in recent years. Conclusion----------------------- 1 7 The new competitors. Levels of competition in business E. There is aperception that America has become less competitive in recent years andthat the economy is suffering as a result, especially in terms ofcomparison with the markets of West Germany and Japan. In eithercase, competition is the essential element that needs to be understood andcontrolled for the long-term benefit of all. It should come as nosurprise that competition is an essential and unavoidable element in oureconomy and that fostering competition has become a strategy for spurringgrowth, ending recession, and creating jobs, revenues, and a higherstandard of living for everyone. Politicians talk endlessly of making America more competitive, andthe perception is clear that in recent years America allowed itself tobecome less competitive while certain foreign countries have become morecompetitive and more successful. Competitiveness as commitment C. and somecompetition within a business can be detrimental, as happens sometimes withconflict between labor and management. The once and future superpower. "Why the rest of the world is beating us." American Salesman, 11-15.Mills, D.Q. More recently,attempts have been made to foster cooperation in order to improve thecompetitive picture for the two together rather than for one over theother: The old ways of doing things--often conflict ridden and legalistic-- have led to labor and management patterns of behavior which often obscure the true purpose of their relationship. Differentdefinitions of competitiveness are considered. There are different levels of competition in business, and thedifferent levels may conflict or they may work together. Labor andmanagement are in competition in a sense, competing for a larger portion ofthe revenue produced by the company. School itselfbecomes an arena for competition--students compete with one another for ahigh position on the infamous "grading curve" which of necessity means thatsome will fail simply because others succeed. Romm (1992) emphasizes that competitiveness stems from the ability tocope with changing demands, and here is where Romm believes that the U.S.has fallen down in recent years. Introduction A.
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