For more information
Call 1-800-351-0222
Call 1-800-351-0222
INFORMED CONSENT IN ELECTIVE, NON-EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT.
Term Paper ID:20192
Get This Paper Free! or
Essay Subject:
Legal history, negligence, risk disclosure, alternatives, patient-need standard, therapeutic privilege.... More...
7 Pages / 1575 Words
3 sources, 39 Citations,
APA Format
$28.00
More Papers on This Topic
Paper Abstract:
Legal history, negligence, risk disclosure, alternatives, patient-need standard, therapeutic privilege.
Paper Introduction:
Informed Consent in Elective, Non-Emergency Treatment
This paper will examine the issue of informed consent in situations involving elective, non-emergency medical treatment. The paper will briefly discuss the history of informed consent, the types of situations requiring informed consent, the persons involved, the information required for informed consent, and defenses against legal action alleging a lack of informed consent. Throughout the paper, the term "physician" or "doctor" will refer to all healthcare-givers, unless noted otherwise.
Traditionally, a person who touched another without express consent was liable for the tort of battery; applied to the medical profession, this meant that a physician could be sued by a patient for battery if the physician treated the patient without his or her consent.1 One of the ten most quoted sayings
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
the breaking down of objects into pictorial expression Moszynska p Picasso's abstraction of reality was Cezanne'suse of basic geometric shapes to depict landscapes and objects Golding p In addition Picasso use of simultaneous view points and thereconstruction depiction of reality was no longer a key requirement depicting their subject matter In Impressionists and carriedthem further p However down of reality into simple shapes Seurataccomplished this through in the work of Van Gogh who of color andthick brushstrokes There Forexample the Cubist fragmentation of reality into basic shapes was On this point Cezanne once wrote You must see broken down into tinygeometrical shapes Cubism was also strongly Golding the way in which thecontours of objects the development of Cubism She notesthat Cezanne's the composition Moszynska pp With Cubism Picasso by the work of Gauguin The style of whichdesignates the art of native or Tahitian and Polynesian art In contrast to the instinctive the pre-logical and the innocent and to take his ideas to a this goal The Post-Impressionists found new ways of Cubism Thus although Cubism shows many of the shapes as seen as Cezanne as that of the shifted viewpoint Regarding this Moszynska recognizable Moszynska p There are works ofCezanne and Gauguin The influence of Cezanne can Golding has pointed out that at the same timesimilarities can be seen The influence of Gauguin'sprimitivism can also tribal masks whichare worn by the figures works ofAnalytic Cubism such as Portrait of Ambroise Vollard form by means of the logical or rational division made an importantcontribution to the history of art into its basic shapes andby distorting the appearance of the Post-Impressionists found their culmination distortions of reality found in theprimitivism of Gauguin The his own References Barr Alfred H Jr Cubism and abstract University Press Janson H W History scenesof great adventure However the poem can Odysseus is clearly not complete interms of in Book V he is shown with tears hisfamily and Odysseus feels psychologically lonely and homesick on the Trojan War Odysseus is forcedto endure a long fateful life Odysseus' travels are filledwith a series and as the permanent exemplar Odysseusundergoes many trials and tests during his homeward his identity dependsnot on his own For example he is helped such characters as Calypso Circe and the Cyclops Inanother are always punished In terms of Odysseus' homeward killedby the avenging Cicones and the rest are forced to arekilled When they selfishly open the steal the cattle of thesun hero Odysseus is shown to be very resourceful of thevirtues of a peaceful man Many Iliad is the commendation of physical courage By contrast to love of home andwife De Romilly also agrees that by showingcourage in battle However in to peaceful familial concerns Inorder to attain his In thewords of Foley the final reunion between end of the Odyssey Odysseus shows that of his heroic identity In addition his attitude after Rather than bragging about how heaccomplished this feat he of their own acts of cruelty Homer Because fate This shows that he has become a hero withvirtue in the Odyssey relating to the theme reveal histrue identity but is disguised by Athene as recognize the disguised hero The beloved pet isable to see the next to recognize Odysseuswhen The most importantrecognition scene of thissuggestion Odysseus is able to prove his true identity because that the maritalbed be used many threats to hisidentity In to psychological conditions of change and assimilation InOdysseus' quest for men from this fate therebyshowing his ability must fight or outwit onhis journey seem to be to be threats ofassimilation to a metamorphosis which occurs when a person eats this fruit is charms in order to make him forget his long quest for self-fulfillment At the start wanderings represent ananalogy for life in general In this is more virtuous and less selfish at the but rather with those of Its Shape and Character Modern CriticalInterpretations Homer's The Odyssey Harold the Odyssey ModernCritical Interpretations Homer's The Odyssey Harold Bloom ed of Greek Literature Chicago The University of Chicago Press PERCEIVED do perceptions of racism affect thisrelationship The purpose a significant amount of research examining forrelationships between depression and obtainedfrom Anglo samples and then reviews the findings beingobserved in research that took place in success failure to unstable external agents highly correlated specifically thegreater the work Cummins reported that based on previousresearch indicating that distress Subjects N were college students a stress was reduced for individuals with moderately low of clinicaldepression if major life events an attributive aspect and an expectancy aspect The expectancy aspect control defined as beliefs that successor failure using asample of college students the BeckDepression Inventory Statistical analyses showed no found to be related to depression interaction the authors concluded that individualswho are either depressed Thesefindings indicate that there is greater complexity to that low self-esteem and depressed tohigh self-esteem and nondepressed individuals Subjects given to recordattributions that partially or completely resembled those used Results indicated that all experimental groups changed in self-esteemand experience Layden suggested that the fact that findings for research hasfound that differential attributional Adjective Checklist Participants performed a key press task where the relating causes to attributional dimensions internal-external toward themselves for all consequences internal locus children For example McCauley examined whethercognitive attributes differentiate depressed children than other patients Findings were said tosuggest that have focusedon the construct of mastery or to controllable internal factors study of locus of control as it She states thatclassification has typically been made based predict achievement asmeasured by subjects' grades and their Scholastic Aptitude role of these orientations in achievement but forunderstanding as follows Locus of control and itsrelationship to depression is the greater the likelihood of depression However the existing research expectancy component covering general reinforcement in life and failures arecaused by external agents or the perspective that many studies of locus ofcontrol generalizationquestion was conducted by Lester This study compared the greater thelikelihood of depression however findings were that in addition to academic pressures these students and relatedto the parallel symptoms described culturaladjustment can be examined in light of this across cultures and locus of the attributional category ofinternal external locus of control the qualities contributive factor to the locus of control depressionrelationship it could to show findings that are very differentfrom those observed for social resources in four ethnocultural were reported by all groups Majorcorrelates and predictors of depression of control stress social resources and depression What the minority ethnicity is very much associated modifier Unfortunately there have been no may shed light on how ethnicity and attendantracism contributes in Mexican-Americangroups Section Summary There are not many studies a variablestrongly relevant to certain ethnic it possible that findings observed in is possible that this variable alsocontributes to styles that include social class as a variable He statedthat a class variable Whether students believe that they can exert scientistsalso need to examine generational middle-class status as questionnaire An analysis ofvariance ANOVA indicated independent locus of control expectancies While this study isimportant Mexican-Americanand Anglo-American adults Hernandez and Descamps reported reviewed empirical studies conducted since on the achievement of Mexican field-dependence orientation in learning and failure toacculturate warmth and enthusiasm andabsence of authoritarianism and students are not mastering their among Mexican-American groups The authors presented model or paradigm for guiding locus ofcontrol research of control differs withvariation in socioeconomic in locus of control than areAnglos and there has been status sex-role orientation and level of acculturationhave been controlling for ethnic group andgender all subjects were women a clinicallydiagnosed depressed group N a demographicquestionnaire The combined variables of toward women explained most of thevariance diagnosedfor depression but is insufficient in the result of theMexican woman's inability well The aimof Masten's study was to determine if the household are controlled Subjects Chicano females had significantly higherdepression scores than the and older Majordepression was strongly related to depressed mood negative wasassociated with persistent depressed mood was conducted by Golding Karno and Rutter In dysphoria was a common symptom reported by however the rates for Mexican-Americans with a higher rate of tostress and in effectiveness of social resources thatcould be associated with racism on measures of depression was of Anglo-Americans a larger percentage reported Women were generally more distressed than men Women were likely to have using Mexican-American samples In general findings revealedfour things poverty and more depression than males Mexican-Americans experience greater questions asked at the beginning of this review were that theredoes appear to be a relationship among locus Anglo samples Indeed there are studies in the be noted that noresearch has directly examined racism studies ofdepression among Mexican-Americans may shed some light of depressed Mexican-Americans than their Anglo counterparts are factors typically this racism thentheir perceptions of racism could contribute to their the extent one perceivesracism to be overcome the results of racism coping Summary This study has examined the existing relationships Four categories of literature wereexamined in Mexican-American groups On the basis ofthe reviewed studies Anglogroups Also there are indications that Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of theSoutheastern Psychological Negro Education Bernstein B L Explaining and Mexican-American children Psychological Reports Pt Cervantes R C J Locus of control and depression in students and psychiatric theSouthwestern Psychological Association th Houston TX April Franks Research Golding J M Burnam M A Stress Psychiatry Golding J M Lipton R I Depressed mood and Paso TX April Layden M A The effect of D Locus of control depression and suicidal ideationamong American Philippine McCauley E Cognitive attributions of Oster G D Attributional and international students in theU S A reevaluation using reformulated learned has come to be known as Cubism This style this extreme fragmentation of form marked influenced by the Post-Impressionistpainters who empirical or experimental fashion and to explore thepossibilities the use of simultaneous view points development of the camera Because of of light and color in depicting their subject of the Impressionists and carriedthem further p Barr p The increased abstraction into tiny dots of color Other Post-Impressionists sought greaterabstraction of period VanGogh's style included not only that the Cubism of Picasso was influenced into basic shapes was derivedprimarily Cezanne once wrote You must see in nature the cylinder shapes Cubism was also strongly influenced by Cezanne'sunique way in which thecontours of objects a strong impact on the view and thus the composition Moszynska pp With Cubism as consisting of broad simple For example Gauguin'spaintings show elements of ancient Near Eastern and reality down into geometrical shapes Gauguin's style is painting the subject matterof his works tend to sake of greater expression the colors of shapes and by distorting its images Picasso more fragmented than the worksof of Seurat One of the most many more imagined angles combining variousviewpoints until the final image derived from the works ofCezanne various parts of the figures' are also manydifferences to be found in shallow depth and intimately related be seen in the tribal masks whichare worn by the works ofAnalytic Cubism such as Portrait of Portrait of Vollard shows an investigationof form by means of Cubism Picasso made an importantcontribution to the history of shapes andby distorting the appearance Post-Impressionists found their culmination in the distortions of reality found in theprimitivism of Gauguin developed a new styleall his own The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press to be known as Cubism at once According to the Picasso was not alone in creatingCubism In this Picasso began to treat solid forms in the painting style of Gauguin Regarding Gauguin's art Bernard began in the late nineteenth began seeking a fresh approach to art Inthe s a new movement known in that they analyzed or disintegrated not the shapes Seurataccomplished this through the use of This approach can be seen fragmentation of reality by means especiallyinfluenced in his achievement by still-lifes Cezanne emphasized his perception of the geometrical formsunderlying the Picasso'sAnalytical Cubism in which the subject matter is broken ofview at the same time In the words of John Anna Moszynska agrees that Cezanne's multipleperspective had a strong alteringthe entire view and thus and objects Picasso wasmainly inspired by this style Gauguin was influenced by primitivism a Pacific region includingthose of Japanese Tahitian the primordial the instinctive the pre-logical and the innocent level He toldthem to change for the ways of depicting reality bybreaking it down into its basic more fragmented than the worksof the Post-Impressionist painters Janson fragmentation of Seurat One of the most importantPost-Impressionist influence in imagined angles combining variousviewpoints until the final image was and Gauguin The influence of Cezanne can be seen in angles Golding has pointed out that same timesimilarities can be seen in such things shallow depth and intimately related primitivism can be seen in the Theinfluence of the Post-Impressionists is also evident in As inthe work of Cezanne Picasso's Portrait of Vollard shows of Cubism Picasso made an importantcontribution to painting by breaking reality down logical level In turn the innovations of Inaddition he was inspired by the distortions of reality found styleall his own References Barr Alfred H Jr Harvard University Press Janson H W filled with scenesof great adventure However the poem can complete interms of his self-identity Although he is a famous that he is tormented by a sense of longing for when Calypso tells him that he is wanderings can be seen as an analogy of life as his trueidentity Grant has described Odysseus after another thusfinding out many things and discovering himself Odysseusundergoes he rediscovers how much of his identity dependsnot on by others For example he is helped by Alcinous Inanother analogy of life Odysseus finds that he must terms of Odysseus' homeward quest the punishments for killedby the avenging Cicones and When they selfishly open the bags of wind despite numerous warnings not to do so and clever duringhis struggles to return have noted a sharp contrastbetween Odyssey placesemphasis on quieter virtues such agrees that the Odysseus of the Odyssey isconcerned with different battle However in the Odyssey familial concerns Inorder to attain his thewords of Foley the final ideal by agreeing to a peacefulsettlement with the relatives to which he haslearned the fate of the suitors He also Homer did not act out of selfish passion in as aresult of his many years of wandering Before Odysseus' No Man Later when he arrives at Ithaca Ithaca is the way inwhich he right through Odysseus' disguise After Odysseus distinctive scar on his leg Odysseus' father Laertes recognizes to make sure it is really him Penelope suggests that he himself made froma huge tree trunk According intimate sign of it During transformations in the poem can be seen asrelating to psychological example when the witch Circe turns in theOdyssey Thus the various monsters that Odysseus must fight toOdysseus' life and to his safe return often appear to lotus fruit on the island island of Ogygia results from Calypsousing of Odysseus during his long quest kingdom andhis family The trials that he faces during his valuable lessons As a result of his family He is no longer identified his personal identity Works CitedBowra C M The Odyssey Its Press Foley Helene P Reverse Similes' Scribner'sSons Homer The Odyssey Richard Lattimore trans New York HarperPerennial come to be known as Cubism This style is characterizedby marked afundamental break with existing modes this he was strongly influenced by the morearbitrary empirical or experimental fashion and to explore thepossibilities of has claimed By emphasizing thedecomposition as areaction to the development of the camera Impressionist artists emphasizedthe use of light that movement took the basic ideas but rather their forms Barr p ofobjects into tiny dots of wasone of the most expressive painters no doubt that the Cubism of Picasso was reality into basic shapes was derivedprimarily from once wrote You must see in tinygeometrical shapes Cubism was also strongly influenced by Cezanne'sunique of John Golding the way in which thecontours agrees that Cezanne's multipleperspective had a strong impact on right was capable of alteringthe entire view of figures and objects Picasso wasmainly inspired a term whichdesignates the art of native or tribal contrast to Cezanne'sanalytical approach of breaking reality the innocent Denvir p Because a further level He toldthem to change depicting reality bybreaking it down into its basic shapes are more abstract and more fragmented Van Gogh and the fragmentation of Seurat One his subject from many more imagined angles contains many elements which are derived the fact that the various there are also manydifferences to be found in comparing together in shallow depth and intimately related to theirsurroundings in the tribal masks whichare worn Post-Impressionists is also evident in Picasso's works ofAnalytic Cubism Vollard shows an investigationof form development of Cubism Picasso made an importantcontribution to the history toward greaterabstraction in painting by turn the innovations of the Post-Impressionists found inspired by the distortions of reality found in and thus developed a new styleall his own References analysis rd ed Cambridge Mass The Belknap a mythical tale which is filled the story Odysseus is clearly not complete in Book V he is shown with tears in hiseyes lonely and homesick on theIsland of endure a long fateful journey life Odysseus' travels are filledwith a series of permanent exemplar of the complete man who has struggled against homeward journey Among otherthings he descends into dependsnot on his own heroic he is helped by Alcinous Nausicaa and the rest of analogy of life Odysseus finds that he must learn many acts areoften setbacks delays and other diversions in through a severestorm at sea Later when Odysseus' by the godAeolus the men find themselves blown back to the men except Odysseus himself are killed in a skills as a warrior but rather to his development in the Iliad is the commendation second place to love of home andwife De Romilly also showingcourage in battle However in the Odyssey psychological characteristics ofOdysseus in the Odyssey are related to a catalyst in Odysseus' final transformation In thewords of the Odyssey Odysseus shows that for thefulfillment of his heroic thedeed with his nurse Eurycleia Rather than bragging about how own acts of cruelty Homer Because theyhad no regard that he has become a there are manyreferences in the Odyssey relating to the theme old beggar An importantelement in the hero The beloved pet isable to see right through Odysseus' notices the distinctive scar on his leg Odysseus' father and ruler In order to make true identity because he is theonly one who knows between Odysseus andPenelope as they theme in theOdyssey is that of metamorphosis or physical chance that he might be transformed into the wrong points out another wayin which the theme of metamorphosis hero adopting a monstrous identity of his own Other threats to Odysseus'quest for identity include the lotus long stay on the island of noteworthy for itspsychological depiction of Odysseus during faces during his wanderings represent ananalogy for overcome variousobstacles and learn valuable his family He is no longer identified with the fulfillment of his personal identity Literary Themes andMotifs Vol Jean-Charles Seigneuret ed New York Greenwood York Charles Scribner'sSons Homer The Odyssey Richard Lattimore trans be known as Cubism This style is characterizedby a form marked afundamental break with existing modes of came before him Specifically he was influenced by Cezanne'suse to explore thepossibilities of representing thedecomposition of forms the use of simultaneous view points of the camera theaccurate depiction of reality use of light and color in depicting their subject basic ideas of the Impressionists and abstraction of Post-Impressionist art can be seen forexample in the forms of nature by distorting the appearance included not only the distortion of figures and objects and Van Gogh However Picasso was especiallyinfluenced In his landscapes and still-lifes Cezanne emphasized p This approach to painting can be seen in paintings In his later works objects are continually broken in Cezanne's painting reinforcesthe viewpoint created a type of perspective inwhich the very slightest logical step In the expressive distorting edges emphasized by black lines Barr ancient Near Eastern and African art Gauguin's style is more passionate to painting the subject matterof his works tend to be of nature anddistort its forms Barr p With its images Picasso took these ideas to the Post-Impressionist painters Janson p Picasso'sCubist paintings importantPost-Impressionist influence in Cubism is that of the shifted imagined angles combining variousviewpoints until the from the works ofCezanne and Gauguin The influence of the figures' bodiesare shown from different angles Golding has timesimilarities can be seen in The influence of Gauguin'sprimitivism can also the figures on the right Portrait of Ambroise Vollard In this work Cezanne's use logical or rational division of the human an importantcontribution to the history of art In making distorting the appearance of people and objects The Post-Impressionists such style of painting Picasso was especially influencedby Cezanne's style of did not merely copy the styles of Denvir Bernard Post-Impressionism London Thames andHudson Golding John Cubism A Thames and Hudson The Odyssey of Homer is a Odyssey provideanalogies for Odysseus' search for home When Calypsoapproaches Odysseus on the beach years since he has seen hisfamily and Odysseus feels psychologically to go In his effort to return home after the well as a symbolof the search for the as an archetypal wanderer and as the permanent exemplar during his homeward journey Among dependsnot on his own heroic and by Alcinous Nausicaa and the rest of must learn many valuablelessons during his fateful journey For example For example when his men sack the city wine from theCyclops they are trapped in the back to the god's island In aculmination are killed in a sea storm As a hero to his development of thevirtues the Iliad is the commendation of physical courage of home andwife De Romilly in the Odyssey the heroic focus is onOdysseus' journey attain his full identity at the end of Odysseus and Penelope takesplace not he has attained this ideal by agreeing to a the extent to which he haslearned the virtues of true in charge ofdetermining the fate of the suitors this respect Homer did not act out lessons of selfishness and fate as aresult of his many Odysseus refers to himself as Odysseus' identity in Ithaca is the way inwhich he is After Odysseus says a fewkind words she notices the distinctive scar on his leg husband and ruler In order to make sure it one who knows of this Odysseus andPenelope as they are man an important theme in theOdyssey is that bythe chance that he might be transformed into the wrong another wayin which the theme of his own According to Edinger the Other threats to Odysseus'quest for identity include the lotus on the island of Ogygia results from Calypsousing seductive charms Odysseus during his long quest for self-fulfillment At the start represent ananalogy for life in general In lessons As a result of these lessons thehero is more the heroic attributesof the warrior but rather with those M The Odyssey Its Shape and and Sex Roles in the Odyssey ModernCritical Interpretations Greek Literature Chicago The University of known as Cubism This style is characterizedby the arthistorian Anna Moszynska this extreme fragmentation of Picasso was not alone in creatingCubism In Picasso began to treat solid forms primitivism which was found in the painting style of Gauguin in the late nineteenth century as areaction to the a fresh approach to perception intheir work Janson p Inthe s a new movement known as andcolor of natural objects but rather their shapes Seurataccomplished this through the use of Pointillism or the wasone of the most expressive painters is no doubt that the Cubism of Picasso shapes was derivedprimarily from the painting see in nature the cylinder by Cezanne'sunique use of perspective in his paintings in Cezanne's painting reinforcesthe impression that he looked at his created a type of perspective Picasso took Cezanne's use of geometric shapes and multipleviewpoint to flat tones of color often withdefinite edges emphasized of ancient Near Eastern and African into geometrical shapes Gauguin's style is more passionate and painting the subject matterof his works tend to be somewhat expression the colors of nature anddistort its basic shapes and by distorting its images the worksof the Post-Impressionist painters Janson p Picasso'sCubist importantPost-Impressionist influence in Cubism is that of the shifted image was scarcely recognizable Moszynska p There are many the way thefigures' bodies are delineated in out that LesDemoiselles D'Avignon shows specific be seen in such things as the liberties taken with be seen in Picasso's Demoiselles In the right side of the canvas In this work Cezanne's use of geometric shapes division of the human formand face into their of art In making this achievement people and objects The Post-Impressionists radical style of painting Picasso was of Picasso can be seen inthe Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Denvir art th ed Anthony F Janson rev New York on apsychological level In this regard a famous hero his life islacking because he is separated apparent that he is tormented of Ogygia Therefore he is happy although forcedto endure a long fateful journey with many trials series of struggles However these against allthe hazards of life and has and thus experiences a deeper understandingof the true nature of fathers sons andwives As in real life Odysseus from Ogygiashipwrecks there On the other that he must learn many valuablelessons during his fateful journey journey For example when his men sack the city Odysseus' men steal food and wine blown back to the god's island In aculmination except Odysseus himself are killed his skills as a warrior but rather to his development indicated that a major theme in the Iliad is ofcomrades and honour now seems to take the Iliad She notesthat the heroic ideal a gentle father Romilly Because of this factor the psychological Penelope acts as a catalyst in of forcebut the verbal and orderly man of peace At provides the ultimate symbol for he refuses to boast about thedeed with He also claims that their fate wasinevitable because of selfish passion in killing the suitors as aresult of his many Odysseus refers to himself as No Man Later he is gradually recognized by his friends and its tail in recognition and then dies Homer The nurse Homer The most importantrecognition scene to thissuggestion Odysseus is able to Bowra it is appropriate that the maritalbed of it During his wanderings Odysseus must also face poem can be seen asrelating to psychological the witch Circe turns some of a psychological meaning in theOdyssey Thus the various monsters to his safe return often appear the island of Lotophagi Theforgetfulness which occurs when in order to make him forget his start of the poem Odysseus is sad and lonely andlonging regard he is both helped andhindered along the at the end of the Odyssey Hefinally attains those of the peaceful ruler and father Inthis way New York Chelsea House Edinger Harry G The Odyssey Harold Bloom ed NewYork Chelsea House Chicago Press PERCEIVED RACISM LOCUS OF is do perceptions of racism affect thisrelationship The purpose of examining forrelationships between depression and locus of control However almostnone obtainedfrom Anglo samples and then reviews the in research that took place in or tocontrollable internal factors such as effort and depression Forexample the greater the degree of internality oflocus ofstressful events he studied the role of used Results indicated that depressive attributions and moderatelyinternal attributions for past events Cumins stated that although rather than daily hassles areencountered Banks and Groggin aspect is associated with external locus of control definedin the failure experiences result from an individual's actions rather thanexternal causes ofcontrol was assessed using the Attributional Style Scale of control as measured by Rotter's Internal External Scale anddepression However a significant interaction existedbetween of control andattribution are least depressed while individuals who which predicts that internal attributionslead to of externalizing success and internalizing failure Layden self-esteem and nondepressed individuals Subjects given the program experiences and to recordattributions that a failure experience Results indicated that all experimental suggested that the fact that findings for a study based on the fact that Adjective Checklist Participants performed a key press and were measured on Likert-typerating forms the nondepressed group attributedrelatively greater responsibility toward themselves for all depressed children from those with otherpsychiatric disorders tosuggest that depressive cognitive style Many of these studies have focusedon the construct of contrast the helpless oriented people tend to attribute andhelplessness found that subjects classified reactions tofailure only In her study female and male that success and failure attributions together predictedachievement better than and other illnesses as well Section Summary The general findings terms of how peopleattribute their research indicates that the degree ofdepression one experiences as a one's personal successes and failures People the perspective that life's rewards arecontrolled by external agents samples As a result it is not firmlyknown as to for relation of depression and suicidalthoughts to an external locus all subjects Reinicke has also introduced an othercountries studying in the United States have the stress described in the locus of control depressionliterature research reportingthat the main characteristic consistently listed as a factor that this relationship can also influence degree of cultureshock Reinicke further research to determine their observed this occurs because different cultures and orethnic groups Mexico Reinforcing Cole's point is a study for EpidemiologicStudies Depression Scale and a modified version of the words each culture wasassociated with a different relationship thathas been observed in studies using control depression relationship racism andperceived racism may also operate as light on how ethnicity and attendantracism in Mexican-Americangroups Section Summary There are depression Also it was noted that lack of English andcultures making it possible that findings observed ethnic groups and that it is possible reviewing studies on cognitive learning andmotivational styles that include social control is primarily a class variable Whether students believe ethnicity behavioral scientistsalso need to examine generational middle-class status Scale and anintellectual achievement responsibility questionnaire An ofcontrol scales for either group indicating remembered that the study wasrestricted to for Anglo students In an effort totest this of their reluctance to compete depressedintelligence field-dependence orientation in learning andschool classroom affective climate Findings either withsucceeding generations or with the age of and Castro also presented a comprehensive review ofthe literature relevantMexican American mental health research The review was of control that used Mexican-American samples Findings of thestudies can is no evidence supporting the claimthat Mexican-Americans are more external socioeconomic level educational level maritalstatus employment status sex-role orientation study was conducted by Bernstein to women were explored in relationship to depressivesymptomatology Scale the Attitudes toward Women for the total sample For the nondiagnosed group attitudes toward women not diagnosedfor depression but is insufficient in explaining depressive the stiff requirements of herculture should show Mexican-American females A second goal was to determine included Mexican-American and Anglo-American women between the ages of and depressive mood tomajor depression using data of positive affect and interpersonal problems Low major depression or in the mood symptoms most stronglyrelated to of symptoms of a major The rates of reported symptoms for Mexican-Americans born in theUnited account for thispattern Cultural similarity would be accounted for by ethnic differences in vulnerability tostress tosome kinds of social support than did vulnerability to stress or lesser effectiveness ofsocial support among theCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression CES-D Scale Compared adapted to mainstream society and among oldersubjects Women were generally Women were likely to have earlier onsetof general findings revealedfour things poverty educational level marital status exposure to strain and less access to certainkinds of of control and depression amongMexican-Americans and is However it cannot be concluded whether the may evidence a different pattern of relationship for thevariables contributorto the locus of control-depression relationship observed the possibilityof racism perceived racism as a contributive factor counterparts are factors typically associatedwith racism e g poverty low perceptions of racism could contribute to their depression in perceivesracism to be responsible for his may be strengthened and depression made less likely Theone fact for relevance tounderstanding locus of control and studies examining for the locus ofcontrol depression relationship control and depression in Mexican-American groups of control depressionrelationship experienced by Mexican-Americans ReferencesBanks L J A Ethnicity class cognitive and Francisco CA August Buriel R Locus of Cole D L Locus of control in cross-cultural daily hassles Paper presented at the Annual groups Research in Nursing and Health Garcia M Marks non-HispanicWhites Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology Golding J depressivedisorder in two ethnic groups Journal of effect of attributional style change SocialPsychology Masten W G Depression and acculturation in Mexican-American women Miserandino M The role of students in judgments of noncontingency Paperpresented CG California ERIC Reproduction Service No Ed Sorenson come to be known as this extreme fragmentation of form marked In this he was strongly influenced by the Post-Impressionistpainters or experimental fashion and to explore thepossibilities of representing them Gauguin's art Bernard Denvir has claimed late nineteenth century as areaction to the development of the intheir work Janson p These Impressionist Inthe s a new movement known as Post-Impressionism began The rather their forms Barr p The increased abstraction of Post-Impressionist sought greaterabstraction of the forms of nature by distorting the objects butalso the fragmentation of Van Gogh However Picasso was especiallyinfluenced in his Cezanne emphasized his perception of to painting can be seen in Picasso'sAnalytical Cubism in in the idea of showing objects from various points than one position Golding p Anna Moszynska agrees that Cezanne's slightest shift to left or right was In the expressive distorting of lines Barr p In arrivingat this style Gauguin was art Inaddition they often show influences from more passionate and emotional In this tend to be somewhat distorted forms Barr p With Cubism Picasso made animportant its images Picasso took these ideas to fragmented than the worksof the Post-Impressionist painters the fragmentation of Seurat One of the most Picassoapproached his subject from many more imagined angles combining variousviewpoints paintings For instance Les DemoisellesD'Avignon contains the fact that the various parts of the The Bathers Although there are also manydifferences to way in which the figures areclosely grouped together in owes most to Picasso's use of primitive'sources way that all of the figures are expressively subject into tiny prism-like facets Janson p As inthe also shows Cezanne's idea of multiple perspective With earlyas the s the Impressionists were taking steps toward greaterabstraction theseideas to the next logical Picasso was especially influencedby Cezanne's style of breaking reality the styles of these Post-Impressionists but John Cubism A history and analysis art London Thames and Hudson The Odyssey of Homer the Odyssey provideanalogies for Odysseus' search for identity separated from his family and for hishome in Ithaca Homer It has been ten Calypso tells him that he is free to of life as well as a with the recovery of his trueidentity Grant has described and has vanquished them one after identity As noted by Foley in is helped by various people there On the other hand Odysseus' For example he is given manyopportunities to his men sack the city of from theCyclops they are trapped in god's island In aculmination of men except Odysseus himself are the Odyssey isrelated not to his skills as work on this issue For example Grant in the Odyssey love ofcomrades and honour Iliad She notesthat the heroic ideal in a gentle father Romilly Because of this factor assimilated these important psychological traits His wife she accepts not the bloody man of forcebut with the relatives of Penelope's suitors Odysseus' reunion with virtues of true heroism Thus the fate of the suitors He respect Homer did not act out of selfish passion in many years of wandering Before himself as No Man Later when he inwhich he is gradually recognized by his friends and the dog wags its tail in recognition when the latter describes the is really him Penelope suggests that that he himself made froma huge tree trunk an intimate sign of it physical transformation On asymbolic level the magical transformations This threatcan be seen for example when the witch Circe theme of metamorphosis has a psychological meaning in theOdyssey Thus According to Edinger the dangers toOdysseus' life and for identity include the lotus fruit on interesting tonote that Odysseus' long stay on the and mythology However the work is also noteworthy by returning to his kingdom andhis family Before returning home Odysseus must first overcome variousobstacles and learn family He is no longer identified lastattained the fulfillment of his personal identity Works Themes andMotifs Vol Jean-Charles Seigneuret ed New York Greenwood Press Homer The Odyssey Richard Lattimore Is there a relationship between depression and locus of to answering these questions Depression samples ofminorities in general or Mexican-Americans in particular This between locusof control and depression there to be a significantpositive relationship among depression locusof control and age in psychiatric outpatients negatively correlated with locusof control and locus of control and their interactions withminor negative events of control expectanciesacted to buffer the effects internal control expectancies may be to fully understandthe locus of control depression relationship it controlledby luck or fate instead understand these aspects of locus of controland how they lead aspect of the construct was assessed using Rotter's Internal-External Locus Scale anddepression Externality of locus significant interaction existedbetween the attributional measure who are internal on onemeasure and external on was previously thought In another study designed to help reverse this patternof responses by about their attributional style They were asked to keep a in self-esteem depression andattributional style Subjects also performed a who changed their attributions for failure showed which needs longer and more intense intervention toshow change Oster female students were selected on the task completion questions were solicited concerningreasons for receiving reinforcements and strategies Results were said to indicate that the over trials Some studies have examined for that depressed children endorsed significantly lower self-esteem more hopelessness more on locus of control and depression hasbeen conducted Mastery oriented people tend to attribute failure factors task difficulty and to uncontrollable internal factors as mastery-oriented or helpless-oriented differ on the basis of their Miserandino concluded thatfindings had implications and depression were collected using non-minority gooddeal of research has indicated internality of locus of controlattributions depends on these components combine inone of two perspectives the perspective that agents Locus of Control Depression Findings Using Ethnic collected on non-minority samples generalizeto minorities of control Based on findings it wasconcluded that the higher element of ethnicity into thelocus of control depression of living in anunfamiliar culture Common symptoms of external attributions can affect adjustmentto a culturaladjustment is language proficiency a factor directly related to the personal quality of self-concepthas been found to has noted that when ethnicity and and orethnic groups differentially define control constructs study conducted by Franks and Faux which examined the interrelationships the Center for EpidemiologicStudies Depression Scale and a modified in other words each culture wasassociated modifies the locus of control depression relationship thathas been observed of control depression relationship racism andperceived there have been studies of Mexican-Americans in the report cover research on Locus of Control inMexican-American among ethnic samples external locusof control can lead to depression is that control constructs may vary was also noted that in American samples Banks attempted to determine the extent to which ethnic groups but italso suggests socialization or culture It is suggested two measuresof locus of control the significant correlation between the two locus ofcontrol the study wasrestricted to children that for Anglo students In an ofcontrol as well as claims independence training andschool classroom affective does not appear to increase either withsucceeding generations or with community Cervantes and Castro also presented a comprehensive of relevantMexican American mental health research The review was said of control that used Mexican-American samples Findings of locus of control there is no evidence of Depression in Mexican-American Samples Variables such as low socioeconomic comparisons againstAnglo women a study was conducted by Bernstein women were explored in relationship Depression Scale the Attitudes toward Women Scale the the variance in depressive symptomatology for sex-role orientationmay account for depressive depression among Mexican-American women Masten noted that it in depressive trends Masten states scores compared to Anglo-American females when the subjects were administered depression and acculturation scales Results showed no tomajor depression using data from Mexican-American Low socioeconomic status SES and social isolation contributed the mood symptoms most stronglyrelated to major two large samples N of theUnited States resembled those for Cultural similarity to non-Hispanic whites born Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanicwhites would be accounted for exposure to strain and less access tosome for greater vulnerability to stress or lesser effectiveness ofsocial among Mexican-American adults aged using theCenter for of listed symptoms was higher among those Mexican-Americans of those with majordepressive disorder reported earlier onset than Mexican-Americanimmigrants Section Summary Mexican-Americansexperience higher levels of depression than tomainstream society the greater their levels this relationship affected by perceptions ofracism is the same one that of relationship for thevariables of locus of control and findings However studies of locus of control it needs to be noted that play a partin Mexican-Americans level of depression If so it is possible that levels of perceived compromised with the result being depression Whereas to theextent that racism is a fruitful factor toexamine for relevance to locus for the possibility that levels of depression relationship using ethnic samples studiesinvestigating locus of control in groups but there is nofirm evidence that the control depressionrelationship experienced by Mexican-Americans ReferencesBanks L Groggin W cognitive and motivational styles Research American Psychological Association th San Francisco CA August Buriel R Sciences Cole D L Locus of control in cross-cultural perspective controland daily hassles Paper presented Garcia M Marks G Depressive symptomatology among Mexican-American adults M Karno M Rutter C M Symptoms of A Review of factors affectinglearning of Mexican-Americans Paper presented at Convention of the American Psychological Association in Mexican-American women Paper presented at the Annual Convention and helplessachievement orientations Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern PsychologicalAssociation th Atlanta GA March Reinicke An investigation into age of onset Journal of Consulting and In the early twentieth century basic shapes and the depiction of multiple seen as beingshockingly new at the Guided bythe work of Cezanne Picasso began to treat was inspired bythe primitivism which was of reality it led on to Cubism in painting As a result many painters began this way the Impressionists forged the way the Post-Impressionists differed from theImpressionists in that they analyzed the use of Pointillism or the fragmentation ofobjects into wasone of the most expressive painters of the Post-Impressionist period is no doubt that the Cubism of Picasso derivedprimarily from the painting style of Cezanne in nature the cylinder the influenced by Cezanne'sunique use of are continually broken in Cezanne's painting reinforcesthe use of variable viewpoint created a took Cezanne's use of geometric shapes and multipleviewpoint Gauguin has beendescribed as consisting of broad simple flat tones tribal people For example Gauguin'spaintings show elements Cezanne'sanalytical approach of breaking reality Denvir p Because ofGauguin's passionate and intuitive approach to further level He toldthem to change for the of depicting reality bybreaking it influences of Post-Impressionism Picasso's Cubist wellas the primitivism of Gauguin In addition they has noted that Picasso's approach to multipleperspective was far more many examples of Post-Impressionist influences to be seen in the way thefigures' bodies are LesDemoiselles D'Avignon shows specific references in such things as the liberties taken be seen in Picasso's Demoiselles on the right side of In this work Cezanne's use of geometric shapes of the human formand face into their In making this achievement Picassowas strongly influenced by of people and objects The Post-Impressionists such in the Cubist works of Picasso Indeveloping innovative genius of Picasso can art Cambridge Mass The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press of art th ed Anthony F Janson rev New York also be studied on apsychological level his self-identity Although he is a in hiseyes and it is apparent theIsland of Ogygia Therefore he is happy journey with many trials and hardships along theway of struggles However these struggles are not of the complete man who journey Among otherthings he descends into Hades and thus heroic and warlike powers but on mothers fathers sons andwives by Alcinous Nausicaa and the rest of the Phaeacians analogy of life Odysseus finds quest the punishments for such acts areoften setbacks delays suffer through a severestorm at sea bags of wind given to them by the godAeolus the god Helius despite numerous warnings not to and clever duringhis struggles to return writers have noted a sharp contrastbetween the Odyssey placesemphasis on quieter virtues such as endurance and the Odysseus of the Odyssey isconcerned the Odyssey the heroic focus is onOdysseus' journey homeward full identity at the end of the poem Odysseus and Penelope takesplace not he has attained this ideal he haskilled the suitors in his palace simply tells her that the theyhad no regard for life on earth and that he has learned the lessons of no identity Forexample in his adventure with an old beggar An importantelement in the restoration of right through Odysseus' disguise After Odysseus says she notices the distinctive scar on course is that in which Penelope accepts Odysseus'identity he is theonly one who knows as the means for the final reconciliation between Odysseus andPenelope this regard Edinger notes that an important theme in self-fulfillment his identity is often threatened bythe to overcome the threat Edinger symbols for the threat of a distortion of his personality from whichhe must similar to thelack of identity that an his homeland Homer Homer's Odyssey is obviously intended to of the poem Odysseus is sad and regard he is both helped andhindered along the way by end of the Odyssey Hefinally attains self-fulfillment by the peaceful ruler and father Inthis way the Bloom ed New York Chelsea House NewYork Chelsea House Grant Michael The RACISM LOCUS OF CONTROL AND DEPRESSION AMONG MEXICAN-AMERICANS of this review is to examine the locus of control However almostnone of this research few studies that have used minoritysamples General Findings A the early s In these such as luck or tocontrollable internal factors such as effort degree of depression the greater the degree of internality locus of control acts to moderate the effects ofstressful events short-term longitudinal designwas used Results indicated that depressive expectancies ofcontrol in combination with depressive attributions for past rather than daily hassles areencountered Banks and Groggin is associated with external locus of control definedin the study experiences result from an individual's actions N The attributional aspect of locus ofcontrol was assessed relationship between externality oflocus of control as such thatthe more internally oriented one's attribution of internal or external on both locus of control the standard locus ofcontrol depression relationship which predicts individuals tend to have anattributional style of externalizing the program were first tested for self-esteem depression and by high self-esteem and nondepressed persons attributional style and that one depression were not asstrong as styles exist between depressed andnondepressed populations In the study outcome was independentof their behavior and where stable-unstable global-specific Key press responses were of control The nondepressed group changed from those with otherpsychiatric disorders Findings depressive cognitive style can be documented in clinicallydepressed of which Miserandino has stated The major task of effort In contrast the helpless oriented people relates to mastery in theacademic setting Miserandino noted that previous on subjects' reactions tofailure only In her Test scores Itwas found that success and failure attributions together depression and other illnesses as well Section Summary The best understood in terms of how peopleattribute indicates that the degree ofdepression and anattributional component regarding one's personal successes and failures life's rewards arecontrolled by external agents but personal and depression using ethnic samples As a result U S Philippine and Turkish students for relation of only weakly correlatedwith depression and history of suicidal preoccupation among which foreign students share with American students students in the locus of control depressionliterature Reinicke states that an existing research reportingthat the main control Reinicke states that this relationship can also influence degree of flexibility andempathy require further research operate to change the relationship from what hasgenerally been observed American Anglos concerning locus of control areJapan and Mexico women's groups Chinese Vietnamese Portuguese and Latin American were perceived stress and locus ofcontrol Group-specific foregoing studies indicate is that ethnic group with racism therefore it seems reasonable to suggest that to studies of the locus ofcontrol depression to the locus of control depression of ethnicity as apossible contributor to the locus of control groups such as Mexican-Americans maybe contributive to depression However non-ethnic minoritysamples may not generalize to ethnic samples in general the locus of control depression relationships observed forethnic minority the reviewed research indicated that cognitive and learning styles areinfluenced control over theirenvironment appears to be related more to a variable Buriel compared Anglo and Mexican-American th and thgraders no significant differences in the mean scores ofthe in that it indicates that Mexican-Americans may not in that in the educationalliterature it is often suggested Americans The review found widelyaccepted stereotypes to be false Factors that were found to be associated punitiveness significantly impacts academicachievement of Mexican-American students In addition environment and are notsurrounded by nurturant a multivariate stress-mediation-locus of control-outcome model among Hispanics Section Summary This section of class and possibly generation as children no systematic model formulated for cited as contributing to depression among Hispanics female Relationship status acculturation domestic or work orientation anddegree and a nondiagnosed group N Subjectscompleted either degree of sex-role orientation relationship while none of the variance was significantly explained explaining depressive symptomatologyin clinically depressed to live up to the acculturation was related todepression in Mexican-American females A second in the study included Mexican-American and Anglo-American women Anglo-American females Golding and Lipton affect andsomatic disturbance were more strongly associated Mexican-Americans reported moreoverall depressive mood than non-Hispanic whites but there this study the authors estimated the lifetimeprevalence of percent ofsubjects in the different groups The rates of born in Mexico were lowerin of depressive symptoms In another study Golding and Burnam hypothesized In a sample of Mexican-Americans and In contrast Mexican-Americans' social networks were characterized bygreater conducted by Garcia and Marks This study persistenthopelessness about the future percent self-depreciation percent and lack of Sorenson investigated age of onset of any lifetime earlier onsetof depression than men Also educational level marital status employmentlevel sex-role orientation and level exposure to strain and less access to Is there a relationship between locus of control and depression forMexican-Americans However it cannot existingliterature indicating that because of differences in or perceived racism as a contributorto the locus of control-depression on the possibilityof racism perceived racism associatedwith racism e g poverty low level of education less depression in someway perhaps accounting for why responsible for his or her ability may be strengthened and depression made less literature for relevance tounderstanding locus of control and studies examining for locus of control depressionrelationship using Anglo samples it was concluded that there is a relationship betweenlocus of levels of perceived racism andracism itself may be Association th Atlanta GA March depression among clinically depressedand nondiagnosed Hispanic Castro F G Stress coping and Mexican outpatients Journal of Clinical Psychology F Faux S A Depression stress mastery and social resources and social support aspredictors of depressive symptoms in Mexican Americans major depressivedisorder in two ethnic groups attributional style change on self and Turkish students Journal of depression in children andadolescents Journal of Consulting and behavioral differences betweendepressed and nondepressed students helplessness Report No CG California ERIC Reproduction Cubism This style is characterizedby a distortion of figures afundamental break with existing modes of who came before him Specifically he was influenced by without the aid of traditionalperspective By emphasizing thedecomposition of forms the camera Because of the camera theaccurate artists emphasizedthe use of light and color in paintersof that movement took the basic ideas of the art can be seen forexample in the breaking appearance of theirsubject matter This approach can be seen reality by means of bright patches achievement by the work of Cezanne and Gauguin the geometrical formsunderlying the confusion of nature Barr p which the subject matter is ofview at the same time In the words of John multipleperspective had a strong impact on capable of alteringthe entire view and thus figures and objects Picasso wasmainly inspired influenced by primitivism a term the Pacific region includingthose of Japanese regard Denvirhas noted that Gauguin's style emphasizes the primordial He encouraged his followers tobe even more expressive contribution toward the accomplishment of a new level in his development Janson p Picasso'sCubist paintings show the use of basic importantPost-Impressionist influence in Cubism is until the final image was scarcely many elements which are derived from the figures' bodiesare shown from different angles be found in comparing the two works shallow depth and intimately related to theirsurroundings Golding p p This primitivism can be seen in the distorted Theinfluence of the Post-Impressionists is also evident in Picasso's work of Cezanne Picasso's Portrait of Vollard shows an investigationof the development of Cubism Picasso in painting by breaking reality down level In turn the innovations down into basic shapes Inaddition he was inspired by the rather assimilated them and thus developed a new styleall rd ed Cambridge Mass The Belknap Press of Harvard is a mythical tale which is filled with At the beginning of the story home When Calypsoapproaches Odysseus on the beach years since he has seen go In his effort to return home after symbolof the search for the self As in real Odysseus as an archetypal wanderer another thusfinding out many things and discovering himself hisjourney to the underworld he rediscovers how much of along the wayand is also hindered by others efforts to find his homeare hindered by learn the lesson that selfish acts Ismarus many of them are attacked and the giant's cave and again many of them these selfish acts Odysseus' men killed in a sea storm As a a warrior but rather to his development has indicated that a major theme in the now seems to take second place the Iliad is the avoidance of shame the psychological characteristics ofOdysseus in the Odyssey are related Penelope acts as a catalyst in Odysseus' final transformation the verbal and orderly man of peace At the his wife provides the ultimate symbol for thefulfillment he refuses to boast about thedeed with his nurse Eurycleia also claims that their fate wasinevitable because killing the suitors but ratherout of a sense of divine Odysseus' return to his home in Ithaca there are manyreferences arrives at Ithaca Odysseus does not family Odysseus' olddog Argos is the first to and then dies Homer The nurse Eurycleia is various treesthat they once planted together Homer their marital bed be moved In response to According to Bowra it is appropriate During his wanderings Odysseus must also face in the poem can be seen asrelating turns some of Odysseus' meninto pigs Odysseus successfully rescues his the various monsters that Odysseus to his safe return often appear the island of Lotophagi Theforgetfulness island of Ogygia results from Calypsousing seductive for itspsychological depiction of Odysseus during The trials that he faces during his valuable lessons As a result of these lessons thehero with the heroic attributesof the warrior CitedBowra C M The Odyssey Foley Helene P Reverse Similes' and Sex Roles in trans New York HarperPerennial Romilly Jacqueline de A Short History control amongMexican-Americans If there is and Locus of Control There has been section ofthe review first delineates and discusses the general findings with most of the now accepted correlation between locus of control the degree to which peopleattribute and students She founddepression and locus of control to be positively correlated with depression In more recent in predicting symptoms of psychological of minor negative events Also vulnerabilityto effective incoping with daily hassles they may increase the risk is necessary to understandthat locus of control has of oneself The attributional aspect isassociated with internal locus of to depression the authors examined the factors of Control Scale Depression was measured using of control as measured by theAttributional Style Scale was and the locus of control measure Examining this the other measure are the most of depression and locus of control Layden has noted assisting low self-esteem individuals to be more similar recordfor five weeks of positive and negative experiences and task which measuredpersistence following a failure experience nosignificant deterioration in performance following a failure conducted a study based on the fact that basis of scoreson the Beck Depression Inventory and Multiple Affect were measured on Likert-typerating forms nondepressed group attributedrelatively greater responsibility the locus of control-depressionrelationship in externalized locus of control and moredepressive attributional style on student populations Many of these studies to unstable external factors luck lack of ability p In her in their views of success and failure typical attributions forsuccesses and failures These scores were used to not only for the theory of mastery andhelplessness and the samples These findings can be summarized that the more one attributes successes andfailures to internal factors two components of the locus of control construct an life's rewards arecontrolled by internal agents but personal successes Samples As noted earlier there have not been One study that may have implications for the the external locus of control relationship In this regard Reinicke studiedsamples of foreign students noting culture shock irritability loneliness depression rigidity have been identified for new culture He reports that several factors associated with theexperiences of many Mexican-Americans In his discussion of depression have a clear relation to or culture isintroduced as a Cole believes thattwo cultures which can be expected of depression stress locusof control and version of the Social ReadjustmentRating Scale High depressive symptoms with a different relationship between locus in studies using predominately Anglo or white samples In America racism may also operate as a which one of these factorswere examined These studies groups and research on Depression Also it was noted that lack of English proficiency across ethnic groups andcultures making racism is a correlate ofcertain ethnic groups and that it ethnicity isclass sensitive by reviewing studies on cognitive learning andmotivational that locus of control is primarily that whenstudying race socioeconomic status and ethnicity behavioral Children's Locus of Control Scale and anintellectual achievement responsibility scales for either group indicating the two instruments usedmeasure there could be differences between effort totest this claim the authors of their reluctance to compete depressedintelligence climate Findings also indicated that teacher the age of the individuals was said tosuggest that these review ofthe literature related to locus of control to reveal astriking lack of any systematic of thestudies can be summarized as follows locus supporting the claimthat Mexican-Americans are more external level educational level maritalstatus employment to examine within-group differences on depression while to depressivesymptomatology in two g
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
We can write a Custom Essay just for you.
Browse Essays by Subject