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DREAMS.
Term Paper ID:19769
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Dream interpretation, Freud's theory wrong, two types of dreaming. Differences male/female dreaming, effects of stress, dream meanings, nightmares.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Dream interpretation, Freud's theory wrong, two types of dreaming. Differences male/female dreaming, effects of stress, dream meanings, nightmares.
Paper Introduction:
Ancient man looked upon dreams as divine prophecies. Alexander the Great was just about ready to give up on his siege of the stubborn city of Tyre. One night, he dreamed of a dancing satyr. Aristander, the dream interpreter traveling with the army, told Alexander his dream foretold the conquest of Tyre. Aristander figured out the dream by splitting the word "Satyros" into the two words "Sa Turos" -Greek for "Thine is Tyre." Alexander, fortified by the interpretation, attacked and conquered the city.
Dream interpretation continued to be practiced and highly esteemed throughout history. But somewhere along the way, this became disreputable, an undertaking for the superstitious. By the time of Freud, dream interpretation hit an all time low. At the beginning of this century Freud tried to revive the old idea, but
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The Meaning of Dreams An even greater controversy surrounding dreams is whether or not theyhave meaning. Ifthere are too many associations, the nets get overloaded. Theydiscuss how they'd change their dreams if they could, aiming at alteringunhealthy patterns of thinking, at right as well as during the day. In the dream, the spears had eye-shapedholes at the tips. Dreams involvevisual and motor hallucinations, distortions of time, place and person, andemotionally charged subjects. According to G. In order to slip past a censor that guards theconscious mind and thus protects the dreamer's sleep, this wish disguisesitself. A dream is formed when the unconscious wish seeks release in thedreamer's conscious mind. Although often associated with unpleasantness, flying dreams can also show something is not as fearsome as we think it is.- Examination dreams: Feelings of anxiety or being unsuccessful.- Arriving too late: Feeling you may not reach a goal. In contrast, men dream moreof men, of outdoor and unfamiliar settings, of jumping, running andfighting (particularly with other men), and they tend not to notice thedetails of clothing and color in their dreams. Aristander figured out the dream by splitting the word"Satyros" into the two words "Sa Turos"--Greek for "Thine is Tyre."[1]Alexander, fortified by the interpretation, attacked and conquered thecity. If you believe that dreams do not have hidden meaning, dreams seemboring. This energystimulates parts of the brain. [7]Ann Faraday, "What Our Dreams Are Trying To Tell Us," Cosmopolitan,October 89, 242. In the Interpretationof Dreams, Freud put forth the theory that dreams pick up buriedperceptions, interweave them with events of the day and in their own way,tell us to pay attention to some important part of our lives.[2] Freudbelieved that it was necessary to interpret a dream's elements correctly tofind not a divine message but a wish from the dreamer's unconscious. William. By contrast, Cartwright reports, the dreams of depressed people tendto dwell on the past, like a stuck record. Others zip themselves into - and frequently destroy--sleepingbags. Thus Alexander'ssuccessful siege was not the fulfillment of divine prophecy, but simply awish come true. Sexual connotations.- Repetitive dreams: Represent some area of importance you are not facing during waking hours. Feeling vulnerable. Freud would say that distortions in time,place and person are the mind's way of cramming lots of complex meaninginto compact images that are acceptable to the censor. In therapy sessions, she asks participants to focus on theirlab dreams, paying special attention to self-destructive themes. Otherscientists disagree. More than half of the violent dreamers with bed partners haveinjured their partners. The most important consequence of the neurophysiological findings,Hobson believes, is that dreams have no hidden meaning; it is merely theawareness of an auto-activated mind. "What Our Dreams Are Trying To Tell Us." Cosmopolitan, October 1989, n.p.Morris, Jill. If youdream a lot about missing trains, you might simply be worried about missingtrains. William Domhoff, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, you can break down a dream into its elements. One night, he dreamed of a dancing satyr. Such a malfunction might show up as anobsession. Evil spirits went out of styleduring the Age of Reason in the 18th century. Out of this comes the resolution of the issue. This could include such thoughts as facing somethingnew, the assault on self-image or concern with danger. Being pregnant. Alexander's dream (though it did turn out to be prophetic) was nota tricky way for the gods to tell Alexander he could conquer Tyre, but anelliptical expression of Alexander's wish to conquer Tyre. Theyreview and revise our concept of who we are and rehearse where we aregoing. They believe that since most dreams are notremembered, the function of a dream must have something to do with notremembering. At the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, psychiatrist CarlosSchenck and colleagues have seen more than 1 adults whose nighttimebehavior counters the conventional notion of sleep as a restful state.These people hurl themselves from beds, crash into furniture, shatterwindows. William Domhoff, Health Net Forum, CompuServe, 199 . [8]Winter, 99.----------------------- 1 Instead, it begins when thebrain stem sends some meaningless signal to the cerebral cortex. Dream interpretation continued to be practiced and highly esteemedthroughout history. Heart and breathingrates speed up, the body's muscles relax, and the eyes flit back and forthunder closed lids. Almost all aremen. Feeling frustration conflicting desires or fatigue. Feelings of honesty and openness. Freud documented case after case among his patients wherethere dreams expressed hidden messages that were revealed once the code wascracked. "Your Dreams, What You Can Learn From Them." Good Housekeeping, April 1987, n.p.Ullman, Montague, and Richard Jones. They feel that periods in which divorce, death or jobloss occur may point up the function of dreams. Health Net Forum, CompuServe, 199 .Faraday, Ann. To find the purpose of adream, he feels you have to ask what purpose a dream could serve. Nearly half of the divorcing people seen in her study sufferfrom depression, about five times the rate for the population as a whole.Dreams of the depressed differ from dreams of those who are coping well,Cartwright has found. Becoming helpless. [3]Ruth Winter, "The Book of Dreams and Nightmares," Good Housekeeping,June 1982, 94. Feeling that people will not accept you for what you are.- Falling dreams: A warning message to be concerned about something. Francis Crick of the Salk Institute,and Graehme Mitchison of Cambridge, England, have come up with preciselythe opposite conclusion. The Function of Dreams The jury is out regarding the function of dreams. Though the idea of a computer mind updating its memory soundsscientific, it's highly speculative. Psychologists have even different views regarding the functions ofdreams. The drug clonazepam offers a highly effective treatment. Bylooking at its setting, the individuals in the dream and the nature of theinteractions you can find out a dreamers's preoccupations. Los Angeles: Jeremy Tarcher, 1979.Winter, Ruth. When life is tough, dreams provide a mechanism for repair."[6] Cartwright is looking into the relationship between dreams anddivorce. He also believes that dreamsare emotional because the brain stem activates the emotional center knownas the limbic brain. Alexander theGreat was just about ready to give up on his siege of the stubborn city ofTyre. Both assume that a dancing satyr is never just a dancingsatyr. Working With Dreams. Unless someone shows conclusively howneurons are linked to thoughts, and brains to minds, no biology of dreamingwill prove the meaning or meaninglessness of dreams for Vogel. And both are frowned upon by scientists who believe that dreamsare purely somatic, non-physical events. In the last 3 years, the revolt against Freud's theory has gatherednew momentum. A dream occurs when a random signal, inthe form of the special waves called PGO waves from the brain stem, goesinto the information-processing system. Many people believe that dream images are metaphors.[7]Commonly experienced dreams are usually associated with the followingmeanings:- Flying dreams: The desire to revive the pleasurable feelings one has as a child such as swinging or rocking. Their nighttime behavior is completely out of character. But somewhere along the way, this became disreputable,an undertaking for the superstitious. As the system runs, some of thebonds between neurons are weakened. She is studying 15 men and 15 women, collecting their dreams inher sleep laboratory at the time of their divorce or separation, and oneyear later. Obsessive connections are weakened,leaving more room for new and more useful connections. Philosophers in the 19thcentury preferred to blame nightmares on over indulgence on rich food.Today many people are convinced that nightmare represents suppressedanxiety guilt and shame.[8] The intensity of nightmares comes from theunbearable sense of reality they bring. According to psychologistRosalind Cartwright, "Dreams perform important emotional homework. No matter what kind of random thought you put in, an obsessivethought always comes out. Ancient man looked upon dreams as divine prophecies. A wish cannot cause a dream because it is the brain stem, anonthinking part of the brain, that activates the dream. Dreams allow an individual to explore andmobilize inner resources. Raising the issuesis a statement of a problem. The next dream relates back to a similar event in the past, and thethird and fourth dreams often explore possible future consequences. By the time of Freud, dreaminterpretation hit an all-time low. BibliographyDomhoff, G. Nightmares In earlier times, people thought nightmares were the result of visitsfrom evil spirits sent to torture people. Despite the changes, Freud's view has a lot in common with theancient belief. Thelast dream usually returns the dreamer to the present. "Dreams," says Domhoff,"reveal the cultural stereotypes and preoccupations of men and women."[4] Freud believed that a dream was a sort of valve for letting offpsychological steam, for reducing excitement in the mind. The brain is creating electrical energy. Inthis way the dream can be used as a natural healing mechanism. A dream does not begin with anunconscious wish rising from the unconscious. In the latter group of people, dreams generallyfollow a predictable pattern throughout the night. However researchers have conducted content analysis of dreams tolook for broad patterns. He had a terrifying dream in which nativeswere about to kill him with spears. [6]Domhoff. Montague Ullman believes that dreams are meant to explore andassess the emotion impact of recent experiences.[5] Dreams can awakenthoughts and feelings. The overloadedmemory will start malfunctioning. In desperation, one man tied himself to his bedevery night. The first dream in a typical sequence looks at an important recentevent. The dreams in thosewho cope well thus integrate present and past and set the stage for thefuture. Hobson aneurophysical researcher, says distortions are caused by the distortednature of the stimulus from the brain stem. Scientists now believe that the dream storyis the visual product of brain activity and can be associated with anactual physiological state. Nightmares however can also serve the purpose of solving problems.Elias Howe was trying to come up with a way to figure out how to make theneedle on a sewing machine work. Aristander, the dreaminterpreter traveling with the army, told Alexander his dream foretold theconquest of Tyre. At the beginning of this century Freudtried to revive the old idea, but with a new twist. In waking life, most are mentally healthy, easygoing, nonaggressivepeople. A memory, says Crick, is a web of associations between ideas. [2]Jill Morris, "Your Dreams, What You Can Learn From Them," GoodHousekeeping, April 1987, 12. Armed with fresh neurobiological evidence, a group ofscientists believe that Freud's theory of dreams is based on inadequateunderstanding of human biology.[3] These scientist believe that dreams arenot elliptical messages from the unconscious. Sinceimages from the past are often superimposed on images from the present,dreams may be a test for emotional congruence. Cartwright's aim is to stop thebroken record. In essence we dreamin order to forget. [4]Domhoff. Nearly all have injured themselves, sometimes seriously. Gerald Vogel a sleep physiologist, has pointed outthat no one has empirically demonstrated that the brain stem's activationof the fore brain "is not the neural correlate of emergent, primitivewishes" rising from the unconscious." In order to disprove Freud's ideathat a dream begins with an unconscious wish, you would have to show thatthe brain stem alone causes all dreams, and that the brain stem cannotpossibly be the Freudian unconscious. Feelings of helplessness and danger. One manfractured a vertebra in his neck, narrowly escaping permanent paralysiswhen he tried to leap out of his bed in the hospital's intensive-care unitwhile asleep. Both assume that to figure out a dream's latent meaning, one mustinterpret. Instead there are two sortsof dreaming: thoughtlike dreaming, which hasn't been studied much, andhallucinatory dreaming, the bizarre, vivid, fleeting sort which has beenstudied. Palombo believes that themind is an information processor like a computer. All the interesting aspects and depth are drained from them. "The Book of Dreams and Nightmares." Good Housekeeping, June 1982, n.p.----------------------- [1]G. [5]Montague Ullman, and Richard Jones, Working With Dreams (LosAngeles: Jeremy Tarcher, 1979), 57. Sexual guilt. Stanley Palombo adoctor at George Washington University is trying to reconcile Freud'snotion with the biological needs of an organism. Content analysis has shown that women tend to notice the facialfeatures and other details of the persons in their dreams, that they dreamof men and women in equal proportions, that they are more likely to dreamof verbally (rather than physically) aggressive interactions, of beingattacked, and that their dreams are more likely to take place in familiarindoor settings and to include conversations. Half ofthose with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, however, also have majorneurological damage as the result of strokes and/or degenerative diseases.Most sufferers are older than 5 , which suggests that hormones and agingtrigger the disorder; many talk, yell and flail about in their sleep foryears, even decades, before developing injurious behavior. Concern about sex or the desire for more time.- Feeling paralyzed: A wish to avoid some danger.- Dreams of losing money or valuables: Loss of values in your life.- Dreams of finding something valuable: An inner feeling of your worth or value as a person.- Teeth falling out: Leaving a secure situation behind for the unknown. The desire for freedom or escape.- Being naked: A desire to release inhibitions. Some researchers are studying what goes on during times of intenseemotional stress. A person wants to get rid of the obsession sodreaming comes into the picture. The cortexthen tries to give meaning to these meaningless distorted signals.According to Hobson if a dream is meaningful at all, it is transparentlymeaningful. In the 195 's physiologists discovered that hallucinatory dreamingoccurs during what is known as the REM sleep period. Upon awakening, Howe remembered the spears andincorporated the holes at the tips into the sewing machine needle as weknow it today.
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