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Role of native & English languages in assimilation & success of immigrants, education & literacy, community programs, theories & methods.

Unlike many other countries, the United States has never established an official language, although paradoxically, Founding Father John Jay in the Fed... more

Unlike many other countries, the United States has never established an official language, although paradoxically, Founding Father John Jay in the Federalist Papers "saw the English language as the tie that bound the federal structure together" (McKay & Weinstein-Shr, 1993, Autumn, 1993, p. 400). Even current literacy requirements for naturalization and permanent residency in amnesty situations were a relatively late addition to the entry and naturalization standards of what was often called a nation of immigrants. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, alternating periods of nativist sentiment failed to swamp an underlying belief that immigration was tied to the cultural history and destiny of the United States. Immigrants were welcomed for their willingness to work, if not for their culture, and low educational standards and the need

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Examines history of failures & racism of system, family issues, curriculum, dropout & graduation rates, reform.

California Indians and Public Education During the past two centuries, American Indians have endured enormous changes in their history and cultures. ... more

California Indians and Public Education During the past two centuries, American Indians have endured enormous changes in their history and cultures. The United States government has attempted alternatively to assimilate and terminate their nations. Despite these efforts, they have managed to maintain a tenacious, often perilous hold on their way of life (Campbell vii). Unfortunately, the education system in the United States has often been the means of disseminating policies and attitudes detrimental to American Indians (Campbell vii). Throughout the United States, Indian students have experienced disproportionate levels of school failure in educational systems organized, administered, and controlled by members of the dominant Anglo group (Cummins 3). The historic pattern of failure of Indian students in the

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Examines difficulties in clearly defining the term "Hispanic." Demographics, diversity, subcultures, race & ethnicity, language, religion.

The Hispanic Demographic Introduction In a country with such a diverse population, and a population that intermixes in many ways, ethnic and racial ... more

The Hispanic Demographic Introduction In a country with such a diverse population, and a population that intermixes in many ways, ethnic and racial identification can become complicated. What defines an African-American, for example? How does the identifier of Asian-American differ from that of Pacific Islander? In many instances, national groups are lumped together in ways that are not comfortable for them, or may not seem appropriate. The Chinese and the Japanese are both subsumed in the category of Asian, or Asian-American, but their history and culture differs considerably. They do not even speak the same language. What makes a

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Discusses how the first European settlement of Southern New England disrupted the Native American culture of the region. Differing structures and social systems of Indian & European cultures. King Philip's War (1675-1676). The issue of land ownership, and scarcity of good, arable land leading to friction and eventual violance.

Southern New England was the home to a complex civilization when some of the first European settlers to the New World came to the area that is souther... more

Southern New England was the home to a complex civilization when some of the first European settlers to the New World came to the area that is southern and eastern Massachusetts, the eastern part of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and most of Connecticut. Although there were regional differences throughout this area caused by differences in the environment as well as by the inevitable differentiation of people into subcultures, this region was unified by what can be viewed into a single cultural group. That culture -– along with the lives of individual American Indians -– would be in large measure destroyed during the 17th century as their culture came into conflict with that of the Europeans. This paper takes as its focus the culture of the Native Americans of Southern New England and also why it was so terribly disru

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Examines the indigenous culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Horticulture activities. Their food supply, housing, socials units, cultural & political practices. King Philip's War of 1675 as reaction to white colonial settlements and threat to traditional Native Ameican economic and cultural activities. Issue of land and displacement of natives by whites.

Introduction The first peoples of Southern New England was essentially unified by a single cultural group. The lives of these American Indians would b... more

Introduction The first peoples of Southern New England was essentially unified by a single cultural group. The lives of these American Indians would be radically altered during the 17th century as their culture came into conflict with that of the Europeans. This paper examines that original culture of the area, then looks at what made this region attractive to the Europeans who displaced the natives and then explores how the final outcome of European incursions into this area was the result of the traditional native settlement patterns and the ways in which these interacted with the specific goals of the Europeans. While the displacement (and often murder) of Native Americans by European and later white Americans tends to be treated as if it were all a single phenomenon, in fact the displacement of natives by whites varied from place to place and acros

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An essay that provides a discussion of major changes in the form of communication among people and societies, including oral tradition, written/printed communication, and electronic communication.

From Oral Tradition to Electronic Accessing Disseminating InformationIntroduction In Forms of Media as Ways of Knowing Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi id... more

From Oral Tradition to Electronic Accessing Disseminating InformationIntroduction In Forms of Media as Ways of Knowing Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi identifies three specific historical eras or periods incommunication The first and earliest period was one in which oralityor the oral tradition was dominant The second period emerged with thedevelopment of print or written communication The third majorhistorical period in communication was the result of the technologicaldevelopments creating electronic media the information age Sreberny-Mohammadi distinguishes between these three eras as follows Inorality speaking and listening

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Discusses the issue of immigration by examining the Know Nothings, using primary sources. Rise of the Know Nothings or American Political Party in the early 1850s. The party's opposition to immigrants and Catholics.

Immigration Conflict and the Know Nothings In the early s America was witness to the rise of a politicalparty viciously opposed to immigrants and Cath... more

Immigration Conflict and the Know Nothings In the early s America was witness to the rise of a politicalparty viciously opposed to immigrants and Catholics Martin and Roberts stated that this party which was known as the American Party or theKnow Nothing Party crippled the Whig Party weakened the Democratic Party and made the political system incapable of resolving the growing crisisover slavery Of significance herein however is not opposition toslavery but rather the hostility toward immigrants in general and Catholicimmigrants in

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Uses historiography to examine the roles of the Jesuits in New France. Role of the Jesuits in European expansion into the New World. Discusses various explanations of the transformation of Jesuit missionary activity to provide for the religious needs of French explorers and settlers. Conversion of Native Americans.

The Jesuits and European ExpansionIntroduction and Purpose James Axtell in his analysis of the conflict of cultures incolonial North America argues th... more

The Jesuits and European ExpansionIntroduction and Purpose James Axtell in his analysis of the conflict of cultures incolonial North America argues that the initial role played by the FrenchJesuits known as Black Robes in the early sixteenth century was lessfocused on the religious conversion of Native Americans than on fosteringthe economic exploitation of a resource-rich New World By the middle ofthe sixteenth century however and into the seventeenth Axtell states that the focus of Jesuit activity in the New World in general

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The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the most frequently used LEP tests and discuss their psychometric soundness. Online LEP testing is also discussed, and pros and cons evaluated. The paper begins with a brief definition of "language proficiency" and an identification of who is eligible to be an LEP student. The general goals and purposes of LEP testing are then delineated, followed by an examination of the most frequently used tests.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY TESTING Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act of requires that children withlimited English Language Proficiency LEP ... more

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY TESTING Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act of requires that children withlimited English Language Proficiency LEP students be annually measuredand their progress in English be reported The Act also requires thatstates develop standards and assessments for LEP students' progress interms of listening speaking reading and writing English Further adulteducation and college entrance also requires English Language Proficiencyor placement in classes where proficiency can be obtained followingassessment of proficiency levels The purpose of this paper is to describe some

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This paper provides a book review on Robert Ricard's The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico, that focuses on the Mendicant Orders conversion of Mexico in the period of 1532-1572, during which the author argues they were the primary group responsible for the founding and the organizing of the Mexican Church more than bishops or secular clergy. Scope, themes, main arguments, readability, use of sources and other aspects of the work are also addressed.

Book Review Robert Ricard The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico Berkeley CA Univ of Ca Press Introduction During the period of sixteenth century in Mexico ... more

Book Review Robert Ricard The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico Berkeley CA Univ of Ca Press Introduction During the period of sixteenth century in Mexico its presentreligious and cultural foundation was formed by the clash of Paganism andCatholicism and Spanish and Indigenous forces The clash of Old and NewWorlds in the sixteenth century in Mexico is important in Robert Ricard'sview because the clash of civilizations occurred in the sharpest form aperiod in which Native American elements and imported Spanish traits aresometimes fused and