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Emergence of the town & its role in strengthening economy & social structure.

This study will discuss the importance of towns in Europe in the 12th Century. Generally, the emergence of developing towns in the 12th Century broug... more

This study will discuss the importance of towns in Europe in the 12th Century. Generally, the emergence of developing towns in the 12th Century brought about a strengthening of the economy and the social structure. Commerce increased rapidly as a result, and "closely related causally to this increase in trade was a revival of specialized craftsmanship and the development of towns" (Tierney & Painter, 1983, p. 267). The development of towns, then, played a major role in a general revival of trade throughout Western Europe, and in the reemergence of an economy based on money. Up until the time when towns began to develop and affect the course of the economy in Europe, trade had been stifled due to unstable routes dominated by warring factions, and by the simple

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Economic, cultural, social, political, agricultural & ideological effects of development from 1870 to 1939, compared to growth in Western Europe.

The period between 1870-1939 was an era of radical change for East and Central Europe. Throughout the early part of the period, this region developed... more

The period between 1870-1939 was an era of radical change for East and Central Europe. Throughout the early part of the period, this region developed in response to the Industrial Revolution, with most of the countries becoming peripheral to the core nations of Western Europe. The period of development ended with World War I. The interwar era was characterized by reconstruction, fueled by foreign capital. The redrawing of national boundaries during the early interwar period left East and Central Europe in the throes of societal conflict, a prelude to World War II. Politically, the period between 1870 and 1918 was characterized by international stabilization. Alliances between the so-called central powers--Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary--were forged using the diplomacy of Germany's Otto von

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Life, work, mysticism of 14th Cent. Dominican nun & her role in crisis of schism in Church.

The purpose of this research is to examine the life and work of St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380), a Dominican nun. The plan of the research will be ... more

The purpose of this research is to examine the life and work of St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380), a Dominican nun. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of her early life and then to discuss her decision to become a member of a religious order, with particular emphasis on her accomplishments as a nun, including her role as an institutional advocate in decisions taken by the hierarchy in the context of the crisis of schism in the Roman Catholic Church. Catherine Benincasa was the youngest of 25 children, a twin and one of 13 siblings to survive to adulthood. Though born into a respected and worldly guild family, Catherine appears to have had tendencies toward mysticism and extreme forms of self-denial from an early age. At the age of six, while looking across a valley at a church, she experienced the first of many spiritual visio

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Examines strategic & tactical dimensions of 1st Cent. B.C. victory, politics, military precedent, morale, leadership, cavalry, diplomacy.

It may fairly be argued that the eight years from 58 BC to 51 BC were the most decisive in the history of France, and indeed of Western civilization. ... more

It may fairly be argued that the eight years from 58 BC to 51 BC were the most decisive in the history of France, and indeed of Western civilization. In the course of those eight years, Julius Caesar conquered most of Gaul, a region corresponding roughly to modern France, plus much of present-day Belgium and Switzerland. In the process, he transformed what had been essentially a Mediterranean empire and civilization into one that extended into the heart of continental Western Europe. The following discussion will be devoted to the strategic and tactical dimensions of Caesar's conquest of Gaul, with the central theme being the ways in which Caesar's methods employed established Roman methods in new ways to solve problems that were new to Roman experience. The exceptional nature of Caesar's conquest in Roman history will first be outlined, followed by a

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Presents arguments against capital punishment incl. Moral & cultural issues; purposes of criminal punishment; discriminatory application of penalty.

ABOLITION OF THE DEATH PENALTY The death penalty should be abolished in the United States because it embodies the most savage and barbaric instincts ... more

ABOLITION OF THE DEATH PENALTY The death penalty should be abolished in the United States because it embodies the most savage and barbaric instincts of mankind and runs counter to the basic ethical values of Western civilization, because it serves no useful purpose in deterring violent crime and because it has been applied by a flawed criminal justice system to discriminate unfairly against racial and other minorities and to undermine the presumption of innocence. Moral and Cultural Arguments Against Capital Punishment Reverence for the sanctity of human life lies at the heart of all the world's great religions, and finds expression in the Biblical injunction, 'thou shalt not kill,' except in defense of self or others, such as in just wars. However, Biblical

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Its effect of globalism. Ways in which the war on terrorism affects economic forces of globalism. International political economy and foreign trade protocols. View of confrontation between "McWorld" and "Jihad." North-South issues. Changes since 9/11. International coalitions and national self-interest.

This research examines the impact of the war on terrorism on globalism. The research will set forth the context in which linkages between globalism an... more

This research examines the impact of the war on terrorism on globalism. The research will set forth the context in which linkages between globalism and the war on terrorism have been brought to the fore and then discuss ways in which the war seems likely to affect the structures and state and corporate behavior associated with the economic forces that have been associated with globalism. Since the end of the Cold War, relative economic benefit rather than military and political advantage has dominated the discourse between superpower rivals and major foreign-trade partners. An important aspect of that discourse has been an increasing trend toward rationalization of international political economy in general and foreign-trade protocols in particular, although over the entire course of the 20th century, despi

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A discussion of the socioeconomic impact that the Black Death of the 14th Century had on the social fabric of Europe, in particular laboring classes and wage structures.

The purpose of this research is to examine the socioeconomic impact ofthe Black Death in Europe on the peasantry The plan of the research willbe to br... more

The purpose of this research is to examine the socioeconomic impact ofthe Black Death in Europe on the peasantry The plan of the research willbe to briefly set forth the historical context for that issue and thendiscuss whether and to what extent the masses' way of life improved owingto conditions on the ground such as labor shortages wage shifts and landdistribution Additionally the linkage between the Black Death and thepeasant revolt of the late th century will be addressed The uneven progress

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This paper offers an outline of a proposed paper on the Battle of Tours that argues conventional historians and Christian scholars tend to overestimate the actual significance of the battle with respect to it being a Christian victory over Islam.

The Battle of Tours Outline I Introduction A The Rise of Islam in Europe B Opposition to the Spread of Islam C Conflict at Tours D Historical Dispute ... more

The Battle of Tours Outline I Introduction A The Rise of Islam in Europe B Opposition to the Spread of Islam C Conflict at Tours D Historical Dispute Over Significance of Battle of Tours Thesis Though the Battle of Tours is conventionally viewed by historians and others as a Christian victory over Islam that prevented the spread of Islam in Europe contemporary views of the significance of the Battle argue this conventional view is an overestimation of the actual impact of the

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Discusses the role played by nationalism in Great Britain in the period 1850-1914.

Nationalism in imperial Britain - Nationalism is defined as a consciously formulated set of politicalideas emphasizing the distinctiveness and unity o... more

Nationalism in imperial Britain - Nationalism is defined as a consciously formulated set of politicalideas emphasizing the distinctiveness and unity of one's nation specifyingcommon interests and prescribing goals for action In imperial GreatBritain from approximately to nationalism was a dominant themeconnected to the establishment of empire which Judith Coffin and RobertStacy also link to the advances of industrialization and mercantilefinancial activity Unlike some other countries Great Britain at thistime in its history was a largely homogenous society in which the separatenational communities

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Using Article 2 of the Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789, his essay explores the furthering of Rousseau's Social Contract which points out a citizen's obligation in return for security. This article also tends to condone the ongoing French Revolution by stating th right to fight oppression

One Vital Part of the Declaration of the Rights of Man In the history of Western civilization four documents stand out TheMagna Carta Rousseau's Socia... more

One Vital Part of the Declaration of the Rights of Man In the history of Western civilization four documents stand out TheMagna Carta Rousseau's Social Contract the American Declaration ofIndependence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man The common linkreally can be the idea of freedom of a nation's citizens and theresponsibility of the state to protect the rights and livelihood of itscitizens One can see that Article Two of this Declaration makes a vitalpoint The aim of all political association