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STRESS AND DIETARY INTAKE.

Examines studies on the relationship of stress on poor food choices, Issues of stress-induced eating, stress and food choice, gender and female choices, obesity and eating disorders. Correlation between emotional and motivational states and overeating. Stress and metabolism. Eating habits of women and men under stress. Emotional distress and overeating.

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STRESS AND DIETARY INTAKE
Abstract
This research paper examined the influence of stress on dietary intake with a discussion of stress-induced eating, stress and food choice, gender and female choices, obesity and eating disorders, and conclusions. The literature reported that animal and human studies have been conducted and each support the relationship between stress and overeating, poor food choices, obesity, and eating disorders. Human studies have shown that stress results in high cognitive loads and threats to the ego which prevents diet monitoring and results in increased snack-food choices and overeating. Further analysis of stress-induced eating has shown that emotional stress, more than environmental stress, and psychophysiological responses are mediating factors.

Conclusions In conclusion, the literature reported animal and human studies whichsupport the relationship between stress and overeating and/or poor foodchoices. Stress-induced eating: An alternative methodfor inducing ego-threatening stress. R., Jakicie, J. Thus stress was found tocompromise health and food choice in emotional eaters. Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. Results showed that emotion-orientedcoping was more of a predictor of weight preoccupation than environmentalstress. American Family Physician, 61(12), 3615-3622. Stress has been shown to be related to obesity and eatingdisorders, but again, it has been concluded that emotional distress is morerelated to eating disturbances than environmental stress. Fryer, Waller, and Kroese (1997) studied adolescent females (n = 286)and analyzed measures of stressors, coping, perfectionism, self-esteem, anddisturbed eating attitudes. (2 ). (1998). Women ate twice as many sweets and more bland foodunder stress. Perceived effects of stress on foodchoice. The authors stated that there are known predictors of stress-induced eating and the purpose of their study was to identify therelationship between physiological and psychological variables. Joiner, T. It was concluded that cognitive load may disinhibitconsumption since it prevents restrained eaters from monitoring their diet. K., Choe, S., & Minor, T. Further analysis of stress-induced eating has revealed that emotionalstress and psychophysiological responses are mediating factors. Physiology & Behavior, 66(3), 511-515. Weight cycling, psychological health, and bingeeating in obese women. The authors examined restrained and unrestrainedeaters given an opportunity to eat high-calorie food while performing atask that was either a high or low cognitive-load. P. A sample of 2 6 young adult womenwere studied. F., Rudd, M. (2 ). (1994). References Denisoff, E., & Endler, N. In a laboratory study, healthy men and women were showneither a stressful film about accidents or a pleasurable travel film, whichwas followed by food choices (sweet, salty, and bland snack food).Findings showed a significant interaction between gender and stress.Stress decreased food consumption in men but increased it in women acrossall food categories. B.(1997). Fryer, S., Waller, G., & Kroese, B. Findingsshowed that perfectionism was a risk factor for bulimic symptoms for womenwho perceived themselves as overweight. Further analysis of stress-induced eating has shown thatemotional stress, more than environmental stress, and psychophysiologicalresponses are mediating factors. Stress-induced eating.Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 444-464. Two models have been testedwith regard to stress-induced eating, whether stress increases eating inall organisms (tested with animals and physical stressors) and individualdifferences in vulnerability toward stress-induced eating (human subjectsand psychological stressors). STRESS AND DIETARY INTAKE AbstractThis research paper examined the influence of stress on dietary intake witha discussion of stress-induced eating, stress and food choice, gender andfemale choices, obesity and eating disorders, and conclusions. Canadian Journal of BehavioralScience, 32(2), 97-1 3. J. Stress and foodchoice: A laboratory study. (1996). Sugar access following stress also reduced short-term weightloss, particularly for rats maintained on high-energy food. (2 ). Dietary restraint was not a factor. Animalstudies show that stress results in a metabolic challenge which can lead toovereating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4),753-763. (1997). C., & Foreyt, J. (1992). Human studies have consistently shown thatrestrained eating is predictive of vulnerability in women, as tested instudies regarding obesity (Greeno & Wing, 1994). The interaction of dietand stress in rats high-energy food and sucrose treatment. Obesity and Eating Disorders Obesity is considered epidemic in the United States and itsignificantly increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and morbidity.Studies have attempted to identify lifestyle behaviors that contribute toobesity. Stress, coping, anddisturbed eating attitudes in teenage girls. Findings showeda strong correlation between psychological distress and binge eating and aconsistent association was found between weight cycling and binge eating.Thus psychological distress serves as a stressor which results inovereating and weight cycling. Health Psychology, 11(2),97-1 . Stress hasbeen reported to be a primary predictor of overeating and it is suggestedthat teaching patients methods for reducing stress is critical for themanagement of overeating. Findings showed that stress alone did not alter intake with regardto amount or food choice, however, stressed emotional eaters ate more high-fat sweet foods and energy-dense meals than unstressed and nonemotionaleaters. Dess, N. Ward and Mann (2 ) report on a more recent study which attempted tofurther demonstrate individual differences regarding cognitive load anddisinhibited eating. Denisoff and Endler (2 ) further demonstrated the relationshipbetween psychological stress as opposed to life stress and weightpreoccupation and disordered eating. (2 ). (1998). Poston and Foreyt (2 ) reported on the literature and statedthat these behaviors include inappropriate diet and inactivity.Modification of these behaviors include stress management, self-monitoring,stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and social support. Venditti, Wing, Jakicic, Butler, andMarcus (1996) studied the relationship between psychological health andweight cycling and binge eating in obese women (n = 12 ). Introduction This research paper will examine the influence of stress on dietaryintake. M., Wing, R. Successful management ofthe obese patient. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(1), 37-49. Oliver, G., & Wardle, J. O. Participants were 68 healthymen and women. (2 1). G., & Wing, R. A., &Marcus, M. Stress and Food Choice Oliver and Wardle (1998) studied effects of stress on food choice.Self-reported effects were assessed in a questionnaire for 212 students.Findings were that snacking behavior was increased by stress in mostrespondents. Perfectionism is perceived as aninternal stress which results in overeating followed by bulimic behaviors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 853-865. A Stroop task was followed by thewatching of a fearful film and the consumption of ice cream presented as ataste-test. Gender and Female Choices Grunberg and Straub (1992) reported on the role of gender and stress-induced eating. Human studies have shown that high cognitive loads prevent dietmonitoring and ego-threatening stress results in increased foodconsumption. L. The following issues relevant to the topic will be presented:stress-induced eating, stress and food choice, gender and female choices,obesity and eating disorders, and conclusions. Dess, Choe, and Minor (1998)studied effects of inescapable shock which usually results in decreasedeating and body weight in rats. Stress mayadd bite to appetite in women: A laboratory study of stress-inducedcortisol and eating behavior. It washypothesized that high cortisol reactivity as a stress response would leadto overeating following stress. International Journal EatingDisorders, 22, 427-436. Ward, A., & Mann, T. Grunbergh, N. In a later study, Oliver, Wardle, and Gibson (2 ) again studiedstress and food choice in a laboratory study. Findings showed that high cortisolreactors ate more calories on a stress day compared to low reactors andsimilar amounts were eaten on the control day. The Stroop task is ego-threatening and it resulted in more icecream consumption than the film task. Eating disorders result from overeating due to stress and relateddysfunctional eating attitudes. The role of gender andtaste class in the effects of stress on eating. S. Life experiences, coping, andweight preoccupation in young adult women. Thus how life stress is coped with results in either increased ordecreased emotional stress which is related to eating and weightdisturbances. Animal studies support findings that stress results in metabolicchallenge and energy regulatory processes. Some studies have found nogender differences and other studies have shown that women react to stresswith overeating and men do not. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,64(2), 4 -4 5. Lattimore (2 1) reported further on a method used to assess inducedego-threatening stress in dieters. JEP: animalBehavior Processes, 24(1), 6 -71. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1 6(1), 145-153. Gender and dieting status were not related. D., & Schmidt, N. Theliterature reported that animal and human studies have been conducted andeach support the relationship between stress and overeating, poor foodchoices, obesity, and eating disorders. Stress-Induced Eating Research has shown a strong correlation between emotional andmotivational states and tendencies to overeat. Results showed that maintenance on a high-fat, high-energy food reduced effects of stress and increased high-energyfood choices. (2 ). S. Epel, Lapidus, McEwen, and Brownell (2 ) studied stress and eatingin women. Poston, W. Foiner, Heatherton, Rudd, and Schmidt (1997) studied 89 women fromnonclinical samples to test a diathesis-stress model and its relationshipto bulimic symptoms, perfectionism, and perceived weight status. S. Women were exposed to a stress session anda control session on altering days. These findingswere applied to human stress-eating, supporting the theory that stressresults in metabolic challenges that lead to overeating. Appetite, 36, 187-188. R. Thestressed group prepared a speech (to be aired) prior to a meal and wascompared to the control group who listened to text material prior toeating. Thus it was concluded thatthe psychophysiological response was a factor influencing stress-inducedeating behavior. Greeno, C. Perfectionism, perceived weight status, and bulimic symptoms twostudies testing a diathesis-stress model. Don't mind if I do disinhibited eatingunder cognitive load. W., Heatherton, T. Human studies have shown thatstress results in high cognitive loads and threats to the ego whichprevents diet monitoring and results in increased snack-food choices andovereating. R. Findings showed thatrestrained eaters under a high cognitive load ate more food thanunrestrained eaters. Findings from surveys assessing life stressors, coping, andeating disorders were analyzed. Snack-foods werefound to increase during stress periods and foods such as fruits,vegetables, meat, and fish were found to decrease during these periods. Oliver, G., Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. Eating attitudes and food preferences were measured. Venditti, E. Lattimore, P. D. Validation for the use of the Strooptask was concluded. E., & Straub, R. Stress has been shown to result in increased snack-foodchoices compared to healthy food choices. Findings showed that stressors and emotion-focused coping were associated with low self-esteem and disturbed eatingattitudes, and stress was directly related to disturbed eating attitudes. M., Butler, B.

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