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SPECIAL SUMMER CAMPS.

History & development of children's camps & special options: adventure, tours, wilderness experience, ranches, space camps, artistic, academic, computers, sports.

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SPECIAL SUMMER CAMPS
Introduction
Each summer, an estimated seven-million children attend one of more than 12,000 day and residential camps in the United States. Some of these camps are set-up to provide educational opportunities for attendees, while other are designed to provide specialized opportunities in education, sports, or other specialized activities.
This research examines the phenomenon of special summer camps. A special summer camp, as the term is used in this research, is a camp that focuses on a primary goal or has a special focus, as opposed to the more general type of summer camp that is devoted primarily to recreation.
As a part of this research, a historical background of summer camps—general

Ages: nine-to-15 years old. Specialty camps continue to existin the 199 s; however, most of these camps are providing increasedrecreational opportunities along with their special emphasis activities. [xvi]Ibid. Founded: 1928. Founded: 1927. Thestudy found that participation results in improved self-perception for boysand declining self-perception for girls. Coeducational. [vi]Ibid., 6. Theessential focus of all of these camps was similar-leadership, education,justice, and service. The participants are not necessarily relatedto one another. Most of these camps specialized inathletics. C. Cost: four-weeks $2,25 ; eight-weeks$4,5 . M. As a part of this research, a historical background of summer camps-general and special-is traced. [xxvii]J. ACA accredited. Founded: 1979. Brosseau, C. [xxvi]H. Loch Sheldrake, New York. Goulding, "Mutinous Moutons," Times Educational Supplement,26 March 1993, SXII. Kimball, "T & C's Guide to SummerCamps," Town & Country Monthly 149 (April 1995): 13 . Founded: 1939. Focus is on outdoor challenges, recreation, groupinteraction, and diabetes support and education. Kibbey, and E. A. Counselor/attendeeratio: 1/3. Ages:nine-to-17 years old. [viii]Ibid., 7. American Camping Association (ACA) accredited. Roslyn, New York. stands for Julian KrinskySchool of Tennis), campers may also take private lessons in those sports atno extra charge. M. "The Summertime Challenge." Teaching Tolerance 2 (Spring 1993): 55-57.Kennedy, R. For three hourseach morning campers get the financial facts of life from Bradley.Afternoons are reserved for golf outings, pizza parties, beach visits, andother non-economic diversions. Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/5. San Diego Wild Animal Park Day Camp. The National Wildlife Federation. Founded: 1968. Concordia Language Villages. [xiii]Ibid. Counselor/attendee ratio:1/2. [xiv]Ibid., 12. Coeducational. Coeducational. [ix]Ibid., 8. ACA accredited. Cost $745 per week. Founded: 1968. Ages: eight-to-18 years old. Escondido, California. [v]Ibid. [xx]Brosseau, Calvert, and Kimball, 131. Ages: seven-to-17 years old. Today the best "of the lot offer not only asolid concentration in a particular field but a variety of otheropportunities as well."[xvi] The diversity of specialty camp offerings inthe contemporary is illustrated by the following examples.Adventure Camps Cheley Colorado Camps. Stagedoor Manor. Computer Camps. Although dancefacilities and dormitories are girls-only, the waterfront and otherfacilities are shared with the adjoining Brant Lake Camp for Boys, enablingcoeducational participation in an array of other activities that includetennis, windsurfing, kayaking, and jewelry design. Cost: 21-days $2,7 ; 42-days $5,4 . The new campsrelied largely on volunteer help, and their facilities were often eitherrented or donated. The Smithsonian Associates' Summer Camp. Ages: seven-to-15 years old. University of Rhode Island, W. Facilities include twenty-one clay courts, five ridingrings, two soccer fields, and a swimming pool. Specialties: mountaineering and horseback riding. The camp teaches the wholeness of the marinesystem, not just isolated aspects of it. Set on 1 acres in the Catskill Mountains,Camp Shane provides a heated pool, six tennis courts, a gym, an aerobicspavilion, a theater, arts-and-crafts studios, and a dance studio.Activities, grouped by age and sex, include sports and aerobics, performingarts, horseback riding, discussion groups, plus classes in nutrition andcooking. To those factors wasadded the continuing (and almost religious) belief of urban and suburbanAmericans that truth, beauty, and peace could best be found in the Woods,and America embarked on yet another full-blown camping trend. Specialty: theaterarts. The Pinegree Park Campus of Colorado State University brings togetherolder adults and youth aged 1 -to-12 years old in a program offering alpineskills and natural study.[xix] Hiking, rock climbing, and rappelling allare part of the experience. Kimball, Choosing the Right Camp (New York:Times Books, 1994), 5. Specialty: children with diabetes. Hawkins, "The Summertime Challenge," Teaching Tolerance 2(Spring 1993): 55-57. Among other things, campers weigh theirmeal portions to learn normal serving sizes. If you werefat and wanted to be thin; if you wanted to know more about rocketry orsalamanders, a particular language or culture, a sport or creative art, youcould now, find a specialty camp specifically designed just for you. Calvert, and M. The camp teaches overweight children new eating habits to helpthem lose weight and get in shape. Cost: full season (two-months): $4,995; half-season (one-month):$2,995. This world-class artscompound is set between two glacial lakes in a pine forest. Urbandale, Iowa. Canyonlands Field Institute. Counselor/attendeeratio: 1/4. Coeducational. Cost: four-weeks $2,13 ; eight-weeks $3,55 . Among the camp's fleet of sailing vesselsare twenty-five Mercuries, fourteen Sunfish, two 42 s, and one 5 5 racingboat. Living History Farms. The basicpremise upon which American summer camps were based, thus, continued to beidealism-personal sacrifice for the common good, a pursuit of educationalaccomplishment, and eschewing immoral excesses. [iv]Ibid. At theconclusion of each three-week session, the young theater troupes stageseveral musicals and dramas, such as Oklahoma!, Grand Hotel, Les BellesSoeurs, and Murder in a Nunnery. Computer-Ed High-tech Camps. Washington, D. Ideal campsetting on Lake Champlain, with facilities and forty-three horses.Comprehensive equestrian program covers everything from stable managementto event riding, jumping, horse shows, and drill team. Thus, the lowercost camps operated by churches, scouting organizations, the YMCA, and theYWCA experienced the greatest growth. Washington, D. Other activities include mountain biking,river rafting, riflery, archery, fly-fishing and a ropes course. The advent of the Second World War brought an increase in the numberof women working outside the home, and this phenomenon lead to a surge incamp attendance.[ix] The increase in attendance at camps meant that moreof the children of the not so wealthy were going to camp. Nature Camps. Nevertheless, a valuable service was being offered to awhole new group of Americans for the first time. The effects on the attitudes of students toward scientific educationof participation in a chemistry-oriented specialty summer camp wasinvestigated.[xxv] The researchers found that the summer camp program hadhighly positive effects on the attitudes of camp attendees toward scienceeducation and toward science generally. Staffedprimarily by professional musicians, dancers, artists, clowns (of the big-shoe variety), and so forth. [iii]Ibid. Dean, "How the All-American Kid Spends Summer," TimesEducational Supplement, 11 August 1995, 14. Ages: 11-to-16 years old. Ashley, Ohio.Other Specialty Camps A wide choice of specialty camps other than the camps covered in somedetail above are available. Orcas, Washington. Cost: $2,2 . Counselor/attendeeratio: 1/4. Specialty: marine science.Director: Ages: 12-to-17 years old. C. % of the campers areboys. Colchester, Vermont. Specialty: golf, tennisand squash also available. Founded 1977. Alton Jones Campus, EnvironmentalEducation Center. Specialty:travel in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Academic Camps Breakers Money Management Camp. Each year the rosters of thefounding camps would read like the social register. Facilitiesinclude indoor areas for sailing instruction, a pool, a pavilion forgymnastics and dance, an outdoor theater, a low ropes challenge course, anda playing area for most sports. Cost: $415 per week.Connecticut, Georgia, and Ohio.Sports Camps The Golf School at J.K.S.T. Canoe Island French Camp. Some specialty camps, including many sports camps, concentratealmost all available time on their designated activities, which makes themmore like clinics than summer camps. Other specialty camps also began to appear in thisperiod-YMCA camps, YWCA camps, church camps, and scouting camps. Counselor/attendeeratio: 1/2. Aspecial summer camp, as the term is used in this research, is a camp thatfocuses on a primary goal or has a special focus, as opposed to the moregeneral type of summer camp that is devoted primarily to recreation. The camp's concentratedlearning environment is well suited for attendees who have too littleaccess to computers or too little time for computer courses during theschool year. Recreational activities offered include swimming,scavenger hunts, talent shows, and pizza parties. TIC Computer Camp. New Milford, Connecticut. This philosophy . Coeducational.Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/3. If you were born intothis small but powerful segment of society in Boston or New York orPhiladelphia, your camp was the first step in a logical educationalprogression that extended to an elite boarding school and, finally, to anIvy League college."[iv] These early summer camps "were run by and for asmall, privileged segment of society."[v] Almost all attendees at these early summer camps were boys.[vi] Thesecamps sought to develop leadership qualities-honesty, courage, loyalty,perseverance, and a sense of justice-in the upper class boys who wereattendees. Founded: 1921. Ages: nine-to-17 years old. Costs: two-weeks $2,195; four-weeks $3,595; and six-weeks $4,695. Cape Cod Sea Camps. Evidence suggests that intergenerational camp programs and help tobreak down some of the perceived barriers between young and old members ofsociety.[xxiii] Intergenerational camps are a special type of specialtycamp. Campers live in teepees(with electricity). Coeducational. Ferndale, New York. Dixon, "Self-Perception Changes AmongSports Camp participants," Journal of Social Psychology 135 (April 1995):135-141. Founded: 1942. M., Kibbey, B. [xxiii]Swedburg, 37. Cost: three-weeks $2,25 ; seven-weeks $4,595. Interlochen Arts Camp. Ages: 13-to-18 years old. Coeducational.Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/4. Be wary, too, of camps that trade onthe names of celebrities (who may have nothing to do with the camp'sphilosophy or instruction) or those staffed primarily with college or highschool athletes. Instructors at specialty camps should be more than expertpractitioners; they need to be educators and role models who are devoted tothe growth of the children in their care."[xx] Specialized camps suit a variety of interests.[xxi] If a child showsa strong interest in a particular activity, the right summer camp can helpmake that interest bloom. Individualized instruction in a variety of arts. [xviii]R. Specializing in drama, dance andmusicals, Stagedoor is set in a former grand hotel with indoor and outdoorswimming pools and five theaters. C. After campends, counselors call campers to find out if they adhere to their newlifestyle. Campers also learnenvironmental awareness, first aid, and search and rescue techniques.Cost: $95 -to-1,9 , depending on course length. Facilities include a laboratory, several aquariumsand pontoon research boats. Camping in America hadbecome a more inclusive, democratic institution and would never again bereserved for only the wealthy."[x] In the post Second World War period, another wave of camps weredeveloped.[xi] The camps established in the 195 s and 196 s tended toemphasize recreation as opposed to the development of leadership qualitiesand a sense of social justice. Moorhead,Minnesota. ACA accredited. Accelerated, competitive training inmusic, dance, visual arts, and theater are provided in a nurturing summercamp where sailing, canoeing, swimming, archery, and tennis are taught.The camp operates in concert with the Interlochen Arts Festival.Interlochen, Michigan. Choosing the Right Camp. Clara Barton Camp For Girls With Diabetes, and Elliott P. Ages: 14-to-16 years old. "T & C's Guide to Summer Camps." Town & Country Monthly 149 (April 1995): 123-134.Dean, C. Many of these camps failed in the 197 s and 198 s. Coeducational. Outward Bound. Academically-oriented andarts-oriented specialty camps appear to better attain improvements forsubjects in focus areas than do sports camps and camps for emotionallydisturbed children. Brown Ledge Camp. Founded: 1966. C. Palm Beach, Florida. Other activities includemountain biking, music, archery, in-line skating, drama, and team sports.Roxbury, Vermont.Special Needs Camps Camp La Jolla. This research examines the phenomenon of special summer camps. Using discarded NASA simulators to createthe effects of weightlessness, some attendees take a space walk to repair abroken telescope. ACA accredited. A monthly newsletter also helps reinforce the lessons learnedat camp. Foreign Language Camp. Arlington, Virginia. Wilderness Southeast. Girls. Specialties: tennis, horsemanship, andsoccer. U.S. Following this historical background, thevarious types of summer camps available are reviewed. "Kids' Camps With A Focus." Changing Times 41 (February 1987): 91-95.Sarquis, A. Specialty summer camps have evolved into highly focused activitiesthat also provide recreational opportunities. [xxi]M. [xv]J. Coronado, California. C. Some of these other specialty camps are asfollows:[xvii] Animation Camp. In order to serve as many of their needy clients aspossible, the new camps offered stays of much shorter duration than did thetraditional camps. Specialty:horsemanship. The camps, located on prep school and college campuses, offer achoice of two tracks so that children can spend a few hours or the entireday with computers. EstesPark, Colorado. Founded: 1976. The Capital Children's Museum's National Center forAnimation. [xxiv]J. Founded: 1969. SPECIAL SUMMER CAMPS Introduction Each summer, an estimated seven-million children attend one of morethan 12, day and residential camps in the United States.[i] Some ofthese camps are set-up to provide educational opportunities for attendees,while other are designed to provide specialized opportunities in education,sports, or other specialized activities. Suddenly a great many youngsterswho had never found success in athletics or the competitive activities oftraditional camps were attracted to camping. History and Natural Science Camps. The goal of Outward Bound is to provide challengingactivities in a wilderness setting where participants can learn more aboutthemselves. Camp Shane. M., and Dixon, A. [xix]Ibid., 37. Ages: 12-to-16 years old. Coeducational. Stapen, "The New Summer Camp," Better Homes and Gardens 73(April 1995): 34-35. Wayne, Pennsylvania. Cost: 14-days $1,26 , 16-days $1,44 ; 35-days $3,255.Marriage of top tennis and soccer camp to an equestrian camp in Vermont'sGreen Mountains. Specialty camps make sense only if a child is prepared to handle thekind of repetition involved in focusing on a particular activity.[xxii]Many children, however, are not so prepared until their early teens. ACA accredited. Founded: 1966. Specialty: performing arts.Ages: eight-to-18 years old. Denver, Colorado. Specialty summer camp programs focusing on the acquisition of foreignlanguage skills also have been found to be highly effective.[xxvi]Students appeared to acquire foreign language skills more easily in thecamp environment than in the more traditional academic environment. Ages: nine-to-15 years old. Comprehensive general camp program provided for a special group ofyoung people. Recreation Unlimited, National Challenge Center for People withDisabilities. Specialty:French language. Counselor/attendee ratio:1/14. "The New Summer Camp." Better Homes and Gardens 73 (April 1995): 34-35.Swedburg, R. Separate sessions for boysand girls. Camps in the United States remained relativelyunchanged through the decade of the 193 s. [xvii]C. This camp is for over weight children ages eight-to-18years old. [xxv]A. Accredited by Vermont CampingAssociation. Specialty:sailing. The camp also appeals to those attendees who want to learnadvanced Basic, Pascal, machine language or other computer languages notoffered at school. Electives include mountainbackpacking. Specialty: weightreduction. [x]Ibid., 8-9. West Greenwich, Rhode Island. A. ACA accredited. Situated on a tropical peninsulasurrounded by coral reefs and tidal pools, with boating access to theAtlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, Seacamp provides hands-oninvestigation of such things as marine invertebrates, marine geology andcoral head communities. ACA accredited. The relationship between sports specialty camp participation andchanges in the self-perceptions of attendees was investigated.[xxiv] Thestudy sample was comprised of economically disadvantaged children (42 boysand 32 girls) who attended a five-week specialty sports summer camp. Cost: $3, (4-week session). Specialty:Western ranch camp. Located on the campus of theUniversity of California at San Diego, a short hike from the Pacific Ocean,the camp's facilities include exercise equipment, tennis and basketballcourts, and indoor and outdoor Olympic-size swimming pools. Cost: $2,55 . North Oxford,Massachusetts. R. Summer Camp History In the United States of the late-nineteenth century, a few summercamps were founded in the northeast United States that were looselypatterned after the semi-militaristic youth movements in Victorian Britainand Germany.[ii] Camps in the United States soon militaristic practices infavor of "a reverence for natural beauty and a belief in enhancing thephysical and moral strength of the individual."[iii] The earliest American summer camps fostered the idea that "the personfortunate enough to have been affected by the camp's strengthening processhad an obligation to use those strengths in the service of others lessfortunate. This camp offers downhill and cross-country skiing, iceskating, and ice fishing programs for persons with physical disabilities.The programs are designed to encourage the disabled to actively participateversus being a side-line observer. Space Camp and Space Academy. Endnotes BibliographyBrosseau, J., Calvert, C., and Kimball, M. Cost: three-weeks $1,8 ; six-weeks $3,3 ;nine-weeks $4,35 . Attendees get to wear a spacesuit, eat space food, operate a simulated shuttle flight, and more. Brant Lake, New York. When attendees return from the links, a separatestaff of counselors takes over for meals and activities such as swimming,basketball, or trips to area attractions. Brant Lake Teen Center for Girls. Aspecial summer camp, as the term was used in this research, is a camp thatfocuses on a primary goal or has a special focus, as opposed to the moregeneral type of summer camp that is devoted primarily to recreation. Attendees learn the principles of rocketry and launchtheir own 18-inch balsa wood rockets using small fuel pellets and carryinglive crickets as payloads. Swedburg, "Outdoor Recreation Can Help Fill the GenerationGap," Parks & Recreation 29 (August 1994): 36-4 . [ii]R. The campus includes a heated pool with a diving board,a health center, a crafts center, and a library. ACA accredited. The kinds of skills offeredat the new specialty camps were easily measured and easily marketed. Denver Museum of Natural History. Ages: Barton $95 ; Joslin$1,15 . But a camp that is insufficiently funded may be inadequatelystaffed, poorly equipped and maintained, and fiscally tenuous, resulting infrequently changing ownership or directorship and a philosophy that mightchange with each new administration. Cost: eight-weeks $3,625; four-weeks $2,375. Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/4. ACA accredited. Kennedy and M. Cost: $2,35 per session (three sessions per season, all ofwhich may be attended by each attendee). New York: Times Books, 1994.Kishton, J. Types of Special Summer Camps Specialty camps grew in popularity during the 196 s and 197 s asalternatives to the sports-based camps of the 195 s.[xv] These new campsprovided opportunities for children whose interests and talents extendedbeyond the athletic field. The many non-art activities include fencing,horseback riding and animal farming; also cultural trips and visitingartists. Attendees practice splashdown and rescuetechniques in an indoor pool, and perform a brief mock space flight. Surrounded byGrand Teton National Park and the Teton and Gros Ventre mountains, thiscamp has cattle, horses, barns, stables, bunkhouses and a giant spring-fedswimming pool. C., and Kimball, M. Sarquis, B. Campers attend four classes/rehearsalsper day and also may play volleyball, soccer, and tennis. was tremendously appealing to the upperclasses in nineteenth-century America. Contemporary Perceptions of Special Summer Camps When selecting a specialty camp, "you generally get what you pay for.That's not to say that the best specialty camps are necessarily the mostexpensive. Parents could now watch theirchild become a better mathematician in a week or attain a new level ofvirtuosity with the tuba."[xiii] Many specialty camps suffered as a consequence of the short attentionspan of most American children who tended to find the narrow focus of thespecialty camps too boring and confining.[xiv] One manifestation of thisperception and the severe economic recession of the early-198 s was thecollapse of many specialty summer camps. Ages: 1 -to-16 years old. [vii]Ibid. In the 197 s also, true specialty camps began to be established.[xii]"Responding to the needs of a particular group of people, specialty campswere the product of two characteristics of the 196 s: a celebration ofindividuality and a pragmatic view of education. Girls. Cost: $45 for Space Camp and $575 for Space Academy.Huntsville, Alabama.Arts Camps Buck's Rock. Kelly, Wyoming. Joslin CampFor Boys With Diabetes. Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/5. [xi]Ibid., 1 . Ages: nine-to-17 years old. Summary and Conclusion This research examined the phenomenon of special summer camps. Specialty summer camps designed to provide psychological therapy forchildren also were investigated.[xxvii] Success in attaining objectiveswas limited. "Self-Perception Changes Among Sports Camp participants." Journal of Social Psychology 135 (April 1995): 135-141.Posner, M. Cost $775. The camp alsooffers a noteworthy theater program and a dozen other activities, includingsailing, tennis, and water-skiing. "How the All-American Kid Spends Summer." Times Educational Supplement, 11 August 1995, 14-15.Goulding, H. "Science Is Fun!" Journal of Chemical Education 7 (December 1993): 1 6-1 7.Stapen, C. Cost: $6 per week. Additionally, many charitableorganizations established both day and residential camps to serveeconomically disadvantaged children. Theadded opportunities were plain to see. Founded: Barton, 1932; Joslin,1948. "Outdoor Recreation Can Help Fill the Generation Gap." Parks & Recreation 29 (August 1994): 36-4 .----------------------- [i]C. ACA accredited. . C. Most specialty camps devote four-to-six hoursper day to a focus activity and reserve the rest for traditional forms ofcamp fun. InSpace Academy, the attendees design space stations and perform a two-hourmock shuttle mission in a control room crammed with buttons, switches,computers, and video consoles. Founded: 1916 asBrant Lake Camp; Teen Center founded in 1981. [xii]Ibid., 11. First of all, they cost less than the traditional camps, eventhough their programs were patterned after the latters'. . Savannah, Georgia.Intergenerational Camps There have been numerous initiatives establishing intergenerationalday-camp programs in recent years.[xviii] Some current examples are theFoster Grandparent programs established to bring the older adult image tofamilies lacking grandparents; the Adopt-A-Grandparent programs in whichelementary school children visit nursing homes; the Intergenerational Paint-In, an art experience shared by fourth grade students, community artists,and seniors from a local residence in Baltimore; Team Work, which joinsyoung people with a disability and older adults who act as their coaches;the Silver Threads among the Gold program, an intergenerational programbringing nine-to-12 year-olds into nursing homes to participate with theresidents in a planned recreation program; and grandparent andgrandchildren summer camps such as the one established in the New YorkAdirondacks in 1988. Fifty-acrecampus on Cape Cod Bay includes 1, feet of sandy beach, a freshwaterpond, plus a seventy-acre outpost on the Cape's largest lake. Moab, Utah. Founded: 1922. It was during this post First World War period that camps for girlsbegan to be established.[viii] At this time, camps for girls were viewedas a specialty camp. Two dance studios and four professional dance instructorsteach modern, ballet (including pointe), jazz, and tap. Groups of forty teens and seven adults travel by motorcoachand/or plane and stay at full-service campgrounds, hotels and/or collegecampuses while exploring national parks or the historical, cultural, andrecreational attractions of such cities as San Francisco, Washington, DC,and Montreal; and tours of Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium and England. Ages:11-16 years old. "Mutinous Moutons." Times Educational Supplement, 26 March 1993, SXII.Hawkins, J. Concentration infine arts, crafts, fiber arts, communications and performing arts. [xxii]Ibid. Facilitiesinclude 45 buildings and 5 pianos. Washington, D. Attendees are taughtby PGA pros from around the world. Musiker Student Tours. This camp, operated by a brokeragefirm, teaches future tycoons ages 12-to-18 about the power of compoundinterest and the advantages of investing early in life. C. C. Colorado, Maine,Minnesota, North Carolina and Oregon Teton Valley Ranch Camps. Three nutritionists teach campers how to prepare low-fat, sugar-free meals. Provides a general camp program that focuses on weightreduction and self-esteem. The new "agency residential camps and day camps had several things incommon. Campers may also take scuba training to earnan NAUI (National Association of Underwater Instructors) certificate.Available also are windsurfing, water polo, sailing, and arts and crafts.Big Pine Key, Florida.Computer Camps National Computer Camps. Fishers, Indiana. Ages: eight-to-18 years old. Separate camps for boys and girls.Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/3. ACA accredited. Specialty: dance. Kishton and A. Counselor/attendeeratio: 1/5. Activities provided include back-packing, rock-climbing, canoeing, sailing, and rafting. Set on 125 acresof woods and fields with facilities that include a professional-calibersummer theater and studios for each of its disciplines. Brewster, Massachusetts. Since the camp also runs well-established tennis and squash programs (J.K.S.T. Mornings are devoted to French language and culture;afternoons to traditional camp activities-tennis, volleyball, sailing,canoeing, archery, kayaking, and arts and crafts (photography and pottery)-all conducted in French. Other programs include: canoeing (Cananonious Camp andConference Center, Rhode Island); hiking (Squaw Valley Academy,California); orienteering (Denali National Park in Alaska); horsebackriding (Rick's College, Outdoor Learning Center in the Teton Mountains);snorkeling (the Marine Resources Development Foundation at Pennekamp CoralReef State Park, Florida); tracking animals, banding birds, examiningecology, strengthening bonds through an adventure ropes course, and folkdancing (Wolf Ridge Environment Learning Center on Lake Superior); andcamping and fishing in the Big Horn Mountains (Northern Wyoming College).Another program, Outdoor Study with Your Buddy, links retirees and theiradult children 21 years of age and older. Coeducational.Counselor/attendee ratio: 1/4. R., and Smyth, E. Weston, Massachusetts. Windridge Tennis Camp at Teela-Wooket. Campers use the dormitories andrecreational facilities of Haverford College, plus ten local golf coursesand five driving ranges. Lastly, contemporaryperceptions of special summer camps are reviewed. Smyth, "Science Is Fun!"Journal of Chemical Education 7 (December 1993): 1 6-1 7. A 45-acre privateisland off the Washington state coast, Canoe Island is populated by deer,eagles, and otters. Conner Prairie Cabineers Day Camp. Seacamp. A free-choice program works on campers' self-motivation.Regular activities include fly-fishing, riflery, wilderness horse packtrips, roping, rodeos and campfire programs. Thecamps were staffed by people with a compelling interest in the specialendeavor and easily discernible credentials. A second wave of summer camp development occurred in the United Statesfollowing the end of the First World War.[vii] These newer camps attemptedto instill the idea that attendees, in later life, should use theirpositions of leadership to solve society's social problems. Set at 8, feet in the Rockies, Cheley comprises eight separatecamps that focus on mountaineering, technical climbing, backpacking,camping and Western riding. Specialty: creativearts. Posner, "Kids' Camps With A Focus," Changing Times 41(February 1987): 91-95.

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