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PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.

Case study of China. Political and economic assessment of the country. One-party political system (Communist Party of China). The governmental bureaucracy, and its hierarchial structure; centralized national bureaucracy. Economic issues including international trading relations between China and the U.S. World Trade Organization (WTO) membership. Economic growth and high population growth.

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CASE STUDY: PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Introduction
The focus country of this case study is the People’s Republic of China, also referred to in this case study simply as China. The presentation of the case study findings include both a political assessment and an economic assessment.
Political Party System in China
The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the only legal political party of any consequence in the country. Some small independent political parties exist to lend credence to a claim of democracy for the country (Douglas, 2001). Effectively, China has a one-party political system. Therefore, there is no competition among political parties in the People’s Republic of China.
The Comm

(2 1, November). Corrupt government officials create skepticism among theChinese citizenry in their interactions with government. K. The effects of high population growth dilute economic growth bycausing the per capita rate of economic growth to be less than the overallrate of economic growth. The greatest inequity in income distribution in China is an urban-rural dichotomy. The delegation of authority in a bureaucracyis commensurate with the duties assigned to individual members of theorganization. Thus, in China the division of labor only partially reflectsthe competency of individual members of bureaucratic organizations, whileto a much greater degree it reflects the stranglehold on political power ofthe Chinese Communist Party (Ruskola, 2 ). The struggle for human rights versusstability: the Chinese Communist Party and western values clash. Chinese foreign trade does not account for a large proportion of thegross national product (GNP) of the People's Republic of China - less than1 percent. New York: The Free Press. J. The bureaucraticmodel rejects nepotism, favoritism, and corruption as bases of membershipin bureaucracies. Tsang, E. Tsang (1994) argued that the dichotomy between the centralobjectives results in a vacillating policy toward private sector economicentities that creates an environment of uncertainty. Nolan, P., and Young, G. Eckholm, E. (2 1, November 3). The People's Republic ofChina continues to face a formidable economic development task to raiseindividual and household income levels to a point where all persons withinthe economy are sharing in the overall economic gains achieved by thecountry. (2 1, December 13). One central objective of this two-headed god is to liberalize the domestic economy to spur innovation andoutput, while another central objective is to remain true to socialistprinciples. Ruskola, T. The interpretation and definition of competence all toofrequently in bureaucratic organizations equates with hierarchicalappointment. (2 1, November 24). Inside Chinese bureaucracy. (2 1, September 27). The governmental bureaucracy in contemporary China doesnot live up to these ideals. Conceptualizing corporations and kinship:Comparative law and development theory in a Chinese perspective. A clear division of labor exists within a bureaucracy, wherein thatbasis for the distribution of duties is the relative competence of themembers of the organization. W. (1995, July-August). Rocking the boat: Corruption in China. Further, although people inChina have the right to vote at local levels, the CPC sets policy accordingto its own agenda (Eckholm, 2 1). New York Times, A2 . 2 ). The hierarchy is a chain of command whereineach lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher office.This dictum does not hold in China where regional bureaucrats tend toignore the centralized national bureaucracy (Oliver, 1993). Unfortunately, the entrenchedregionalism in China largely nullifies this characteristic of thebureaucratic model in China. The staff of a bureaucratic organization is separate and distinct fromthe administration under which a bureaucracy exists. (2 1, July). The short-term policiespursued by private sector entrepreneurs, according to Tsang (1994), resultin poor quality of goods and services, low-levels of investment that workagainst long-term growth and economic stability, and an increasing incomeinequality in the People's Republic of China. The bureaucracy in contemporary China, however, is rifewith corruption (Ruskola, 2 ). The two factors suitable to serve asvariables in differentiating bureaucracies in various countries are (1)continuous stable government and (2) a record of demanding efficiency as acriterion of membership in a bureaucratic organization. The level of governmentalintervention in the economy of the people's republic of China, however,remains high in relation to Western industrial economies (Nolan & Young,2 1). Political dynamics and bureaucratic careerpatterns in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1994. Over the past five years, the extent of governmental involvement ineconomic assistance and planning decreased. Oliver, W. Just this month(December 2 1), China formally became a member of the World TradeOrganization ("China Ascends to WTO," 2 1). (2 1, Spring). Superpower status -both economic and political, however, is widely projected for the People'sRepublic of China ("Celebration and Concern," 2 1). Business Horizons, 38, 32-36. As stated earlier in thisassessment, the governmental bureaucracy in contemporary China is rife withcorruption "China: Party Outs Two, Charging Corruption," 2 1). (1994). There is no great pressure against taxation in China, but thereare demands for greater state welfare in rural areas. Bureaucracies are entities that provide an impersonal means ofexercising control. Weber, M. Political Party System in China The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the only legal political partyof any consequence in the country. The value of foreign trade to the People's Republic of China,however, far exceeds the contribution of foreign trade to the grossnational product (GNP), because it is through foreign trade that thePeople's Republic of China gains most of the new technology required by thecountry's economy. Journal of Asian Business, 1 (2), 1-15. Within the People's Republic of China, the government must face theissue of allocation of political power. InternationalJournal of Public Administration, 16, 1 35-1 51. Economist,51. 17). A financial primer forinvestors in China. case study: people's republic of china Introduction The focus country of this case study is the People's Republic ofChina, also referred to in this case study simply as China. These actions are understanding the otherperson's perspective, knowing one's own perspective, determiningdifferences in perspectives, isolating the major concern, using a positiveintroduction, getting to the point quickly, respecting the other person,controlling one's temper, encouraging responses by asking questions, andthanking people. Zhou, X. Increasingly, according to this argument,China behaves like a rising power, with minimal ideological content in itsforeign policy. The economy of the People's Republic of China already is one of theworld's largest. Bureaucracy functions according tothis dictum in China. The source of this resentment is the growing disparity in incomelevels. A. The 12-month growthrate in the Chinese economy reported in October 2 1 was 8.8 percent, aperiod when the industrial countries of the world are in or near recession("The 12-Month Rate of Growth in China," 2 1). DenverJournal of International Law and Policy, 29(2), 151-179. Persons within a bureaucratic organization both gain and holdtheir positions through demonstrated competence in the performance of theduties associated with those positions. The end of communism in Asia: Whatnext?" Current, 16-22. Current Economic Issues International trading relations between the United States and thePeople's Republic of China have been marked by dramatic growth, increasedacrimony, and eventual agreement over the past decade. NewYork Times, A1 . Scalapino (1995) argued that nationalism has triumphed overinternationalism in China, where the country's leaders "pay formal homageto Marxism-Leninism, but the internationalist quotient in both words andactions is dwarfed by the call for national assertiveness in support ofChina's interests" (p. China's villages vote, but its partyrules. Demonstrated technical competence is an essential criterion for theappointment of a person to the staff of a bureaucracy. Big business with Chinesecharacteristics: Two paths to growth of the firm in China under reform.Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25(4), 23-44. Economist, 21. China's massive population is an economic burdenfor the country. E. (1993, July). (2 , July). The 12-month rate of growth in china. Some small independent politicalparties exist to lend credence to a claim of democracy for the country(Douglas, 2 1). Leninist-type centralization is nolonger feasible because of the political and economic reforms implemented.At present, while China has a one-party dictatorship in prescribed Leninistfashion, "all of its political institutions are fragile and a meaningfulfederal system has not yet been devised" (Scalapino, 1995, p. Abureaucracy is an entity characterized by continuous official functions.Bounded by prescribed rules, the performance of these functions tends tooccur in predictable and routine ways. Conclusion A framework for analyzing the effectiveness of the politicalstructure, organization, and interaction in China involves a comparisonbetween China and other countries. South China Morning Post,1. Economist,47-48. This impersonal approach to control enhances theprobability that staff members will be qualified, supervision will becompetent, and outcomes will be predictable. ComparativePolitical Studies, 34(9), 1 36-1 55. Retrieved from the Internet 2 1-12-14 at:http://special.scmp.com/chinawtobid/ China: Party outs two, charging corruption. This procedure provides abureaucracy with the characteristic of continuity. Douglas, E. Tsang (1994) argued that Chinese economic policy related to the roleof the private sector is developed and applied by a two-headed god that isthe government of the People's Republic. Therefore, the tendency forchaos that frequently characterizes non-bureaucratic structures typicallyis absent in bureaucratic organizations. Ideology, policy and the private entrepreneurin China. (2 1, November 1 ). In is through the governmental bureaucracy that primaryinteractions between the citizenry and the CPC occur (Zhou, 2 1). The People's Republic ofChina has emerged on the global scene as a world power during a period thatleft the United States as the only global superpower. The driving force in thegrowth in the Chinese economy is the increasing openness of the country'seconomy. This dictum does notcharacterize bureaucratic organizations in China, however, where thegovernmental bureaucracy and the Chinese Communist Party are virtually onebody, albeit with different titles in each institution (Ruskola, 2 ). Thus, theapplication of the following hypothesis will allow one to predict thelikely presence of an efficient bureaucracy: Efficient bureaucracies(dependent variable) develop in countries characterized by politicalstability (independent variable) and the application of competence as acriterion for bureaucratic membership (independent variable). Massive internal migration is exacerbating the economicproblems, and is contributing to the development of serious environmentalproblems (Yadong & Min, 1995). The Communist Party of China controls the governmental bureaucracy inthe nation. StanfordLaw Review, 52, 1599-1729. (1947), The theory of social and economic organizations.Parsons, T., Translator. This status, however, refers to gross domestic productand not to per capita gross domestic product. Scalapino, R. While bureaucratic actions are predictable in China,the functioning of bureaucracy tends to be lethargic and inefficient,thereby causing interaction between the citizenry and Party difficult(Ruskola, 2 ). China ascends to WTO. (1995, September). In recent months, the CPC has madeefforts to root out come corruption ("Rocking the boat: Corruption inChina," 2 1). Thus, thisdictum does not hold in China. This dictum holds inChina; however, such records are not easily accessible to the Chinesepublic (Ruskola, 2 ). References Celebration and concern. Thepresentation of the case study findings include both a political assessmentand an economic assessment. There is growing resentment against the CPC in ruralareas. Further, the People's Republic of China is in a strongposition to pursue growth in foreign trade, because, unlike most developingcountries in the 198 s, the People's Republic of China did not amass a hugeexternal debt (Yadong & Min, 1995). The recording of all actions of a bureaucracy, together with decisionsand rules governing operations, is a requisite. Effectively, China has a one-party political system.Therefore, there is no competition among political parties in the People'sRepublic of China. In turn, thisenvironment of uncertainty, according to Tsang (1994), fosters bureaucraticharassment of business and motivates private sector business entities tooperate only from a short-term perspective. No position holder in a bureaucracy holds any right of tenancy to thatposition. Yadong L., & Min C. The structure of a bureaucracy is hierarchical in relation to bothcontrol and responsibility. (2 1, November 17). According to Weber (1947), positive and effective confrontationprocesses require 1 actions.

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