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CHINA AS WORLD POWER.

Evolution of poor, isolated communist nation into global political & economic power. Leadership, govt., capitalism, laws, trade, energy, foreign relations, taxes, ethnic issues, demographics, management. Outline.

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CHINA AS AN EMERGING SUPERPOWER
I. INTRODUCTION.
A. Topic Introduction.
B. Justification for the Study.
C. Focus of the Study.
D. Background Information.
II. POLITICAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURES IN CHINA.
A. Political Factors.
B. Legal Factors.
III. CHINA’S ECONOMY.
A. Population.
B. Energy and Environment.
C. Planning.
D. Institutions.
E. Growt

China's Economy The effects of high population growth dilute economic growth bycausing the per capita rate of economic growth to be less than the overallrate of economic growth. Comparison with United States. The one child per couple population policy has beenrelatively successful in the country's urban areas, but far less successfulin the rural areas (Hsu, 1994, p. Recent actions by the PRC government to support the country's effortto gain membership in GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade), now theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) have moderated the power of China's foreigntrade organizations. (1995, September). Asian management systems. Russia's illusory ambitions. 355-357). (1995, October). By contrast, Americans tend tocompartmentalize an agreement, and separate it from other interactions. China's muscular nationalism. The PRC has a wide variety of partial or total exemptions that arebased on the type of project and the location of the firm (Yadong & Min,1995, p. Knecht, G. Within the illiterate 2 percent, 7 percent were female. Technical communication in mainland China: Apersonal perspective. INTRODUCTION. These statistics,on the surface, do not compare well with those for the United States. Freeing theChinese economy has unleashed productivity; however, eliminating theconcept of the "iron rice bowl" has brought great hardship to hundreds ofthousands of Chinese citizens, many of whom feel betrayed by the promisesof economic progress. Justification for the Study. In relation to social preferences, Chinese tend toward deference,order, dominance, and abasement, and away from exhibition, intraception,change, and aggression. CHINA AS AN EMERGING SUPERPOWER I. Ideology, policy and the private entrepreneurin China. With theadvent of the People's Republic, communal ownership was formalized intogovernment policy. McC. C. They are, thus, favored by the Chinese. R., Maguire, K., Johnson, P., & Ngumba, W. Joint venture agreements providethe Chinese with access to both foreign technology and foreign capital.The Chinese are also interested in the licensing of technology from foreigncountries. United States concerns over intellectual property protection,the use of slave labor in production, and other trade related concernsunderlie the United States position. 75). (1994, Spring). Generally speaking, the PRC has not imposed quotas on imports ofconsumer goods, but has restricted their import through currency controls,high tariffs (often in excess of 1 percent), and import licenses forcertain items. A. Complex relationships are important in China,and because Chinese culture values harmony, the Chinese tend to embracemultiple standards. It must be remembered, however, that the urban/rural distributionof the population is changing relatively rapidly. International trade hasadvanced to a point where it represents one-fourth of country's grossdomestic product. 355). The China International Trust and Development Corporation isthe specific agency involved in the coordination and control of the jointventure process. Niblett, R. MANAGEMENT IN CHINA. Current, 16-22. Generally, the Administration(first Bush and then Clinton) favored extension of most favored nationstatus for the PRC, while strong opposition to that designation for the PRCexisted in the Congress. 7 percent)of the population is under age 2 , and almost two-thirds (63.7 percent) areunder age 3 . Evans, R. Matthews, C. Greater China and the Chinese "globaltribe." Asian Survey, 35(1 ), 955-967. The country's unemployment rate is less than1. These contentions do represent a part of the management environmentwithin the PRC. Lou, C. 16) argued that nationalism has triumphed overinternationalism in China, where the country's leaders "pay formal homageto Marxism-Leninism, but the internationalist quotient in both words andactions is dwarfed by the call for national assertiveness in support ofChina's interests." Increasingly, according to this argument, Chinabehaves like a rising power, with minimal ideological content in itsforeign policy. 879-895). In Indonesia, ethnic Chinese compriseless than four-percent of the population; however, they possess 75 percentof the wealth. 57). Political disagreements between the two countries, causedSoviet trade to drop to only 7.5 percent of China's total foreign trade by1966 (Garnett, 1997, pp. East Asia-regional economic integrationand implications for the United States. Governmentleaders, thus, are concerned about the potential for social unrest. The economy of the PRC already is one of the world's largest (Jisi,1996, pp. Rubin, A. Duties are generally assessed not according to invoice values, butaccording to product values assigned by Chinese customs officials. (1996). T. Less is more. 34). The single-child familypolicy will likely change the fabric of Chinese society. The research topic is introduced in this section andbackground information on China is provided.Topic Introduction The People's Republic of China (PRC) has burst on the global scene asa world power (Henriksen, 1995, pp. As a precaution, therefore, ethnicChinese keep and estimated US$2 billion to US$5 billion hidden outsideof the countries where they live. Under this approach to education, science andtechnology have been accorded a priority over the humanities, andvocational and technical skills training have been emphasized. 1-15). Technical Communication, 41, 12 -122. This policy willalso affect the supply of labor in the country, and will quite likelyaffect the urban-rural dichotomy-through labor competition, if in no otherway. 9 ). Foreign investment boomed in the 199 s, and substantialtechnology transfer to the PRC occurred. (1995, December). Legal Factors. (1997, March-April). Journal of Asian Business, 1 , 1-15. This contention, however, is somewhat misleading, as farmore that eight-percent of Thailand's population is ethnically Chinese.The ethnic Chinese have been assimilated so well in Thai society, however,that it is generally difficult to who may or may not be ethnic Chinese(Chang, 1995, pp. InGuangzhou, these values are based on Hong Kong prices and are compiled intables which are updated periodically. TheMinistry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade is the operating agencyinvolved in the actual carrying out of the economic plans. The recenteconomic growth, however, has come at a price-inflation, which has risen to25 percent or higher in urban centers. In addition to the turnover tax, acorporate income tax is assessed on net profits. By the endof the 197 s, Japan was China's leading trade partner; a position it hasmaintained. Continuing to attempt to block PRC membership in the WTO,however, may soon become an unproductive strategy for the United States. These effects are especiallyrelevant with respect to control, organization, direction, leadership, andmotivation (Chen, 1995, pp. VI. The common ownership of land by avillage commune is a principal characteristic of the Asiatic mode ofproduction which has been prevalent in China for centuries. This phenomenon is experienced by both developedand developing countries. As an example, income tax is cut by half from for jointventures whose exports exceed 7 percent of their total output, bring inadvanced technology, or are located in the special economic zones (SEZs) orthe technology development zones. This issue of inflation becomes even more important as the gap betweenrural and urban incomes continues to widen. The National Interest, 43, 64-77. Cultural differences between Chinese and Americans affect the ways inwhich management is practiced within the PRC. There arepreschools, kindergartens, schools for the deaf and for the blind, keyschools (which are similar to college preparatory high schools), primaryschools, secondary schools (which include junior and middle schools,secondary agricultural and vocational schools, ordinary secondary schools,secondary teachers' schools, secondary technical schools, and secondaryprofessional schools), and a wide variety of institutions of highereducation (Hunter, 1996, p. Yettrue believers are difficult to find. Leninist-type centralization is no longerfeasible because of the political and economic reforms implemented. Norare there any official channels through which foreigners may appeal thevalue assigned to products they wish to market in China. 25). CHINA AS AN EMERGING SUPERPOWER Introduction This research analyzes the issue of the emergence of China as asuperpower. In most of thecountries of Southeast Asia, the achievements of the ethnic Chinese aredisproportionate to their numbers. A. Henriksen, T. (5th ed.). Energy from some sources is more expensivethan is energy from other sources; thus, an environmentally preferableenergy source might be opposed on economic grounds (Xing, 1996, pp. A. The broad thrust of economic reforms in the PRC appears to beirreversible. J. Boththe decentralization of control of the country's foreign trade structureand the elimination of some subsidies to Chinese industry represent effortsto satisfy GATT/WTO criteria. Countertrade agreementsare limited by the government of the PRC to the necessities. Management in China Tsang (1994, pp. (1996). Foreign ventures with a contract of morethan 1 years are not taxed for the first two profit-making years, thenhave a 5 percent reduction of income tax for the following three years.Those foreign firms that reinvest their profits in China over fiveconsecutive years get a refund of up to 4 percent of the tax payment forreinvestment. Whenone considers that the range of estimates of the functionally illiterateproportion of the population in the United States extend to one-in-five,however, the disparity between the two countries is not so great. Chinese culture tends to value all ofthese behaviors, while Americans tend to emphasize one point on thecontinuum of each dimension. C. Many theories are advanced to explain why most of the wealth inSoutheast Asia has ended up in ethnic Chinese hands (Knecht, 1994, p. 19).The Economic Commission of the State Council is responsible for theimplementation of the plans developed by the Planning Commission. The most common ways of doing business in the PRC are throughrepresentative offices (Chinese trading companies), importing and exporting(direct trading rights), processing and compensation trade, export andimport licensing, joint ventures, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(Rich, 1996, p. Cultural Factors. Frequently, the assigned values arehigher than the actual invoice value. 23). Chinese tend to perceive human relationships asbeing lineal-hierarchical and collateral-mutual, while Americans tend toemphasize individual goals in interpersonal relationships (Sodowsky,Maguire, Johnson, & Ngumba, 1994, pp. Scalapino, R. (1995). 57). Since 1978,the country's intellectuals, the academic elite, have been encouraged topursue research in support of the Four Modernizations. Foreign entities desiring to invest in China could minimize theirexposure to risk by examining the possible scenarios of the country'seconomic future and developing good relations with the country's politicaland business leaders. Management Today,74-77. According to the terms of the 3 1 agreement between the PRCand the United States, however, China must eliminate about 75 percent ofits various import controls over the period ending in 1997. 13-16). (1995). The dominant form of foreigninvestment in China is the joint venture. Political and Legal Structures in China Scalapino (1995, p. Role of "Overseas Chinese." V. London: RoutledgePublishers. H. (1995, October). South Asia after the Cold War: Winners andlosers. Energy is a major and critical variable in the interaction betweenenvironment and overpopulation and population growth in the PRC.Environmental factors play a major role in the selection of energy sources. (1996, 25 March). The post-Mao leadership in China has sought to establish education asthe foundation for the Four Modernizations. 25). In compensationtrade agreements, foreign business entities deal with Chinese licenseholders, in an arrangement similar to that prevailing in the early years ofthe twentieth century. 34). IV. China conducts much of its foreign trade under bilateral tradeagreements with other countries (Tsang, 1994, pp. The PRC has become the word's third biggest economy;however, the country's long-term direction is too complex to be predicted.The country could either end up as a loose group of autonomous states, amore rigid centralized economy tightly controlled by the government, a free-trade economy that will be faced with intense international competition, orvariants of any of these. II. Hunter, B. There is little, if any, local capitalavailable to the foreign investor in China. J. Taiwan's presidentreaches out to China. Theseventures provide the foreign company with the greatest flexibility.Chinese law in this area, however, is less developed, and there are legalrisks associated with this form of doing business because the Chinesegovernment is likely to issue regulations in the future concerningcooperative joint ventures. LosAngeles: Huang. The 28 million ethnic Chinese who are scattered in the countries ofSoutheast Asia have been described as "economic miracle workers" who havemade crucial contributions to the rapid development that has characterizedthe region since the mid-195 s (Knecht, 1994, p. Through early-1997, the Administration positionhas generally prevailed. The foreign trade of China. The Chinese are intenselyinterested in joint venture agreements. Population. With the migration from ruralto urban areas, however, the population control policy may become moreeffective. A. In thePRC, 9 percent of school aged children attend school. 24). Wall Street Journal (Western ed.), A14. 29-4 ). C. Y. A similar situation is said to exist in Thailand, it is said thateight-percent of the population is ethnic Chinese who control 8 per centof the wealth. Social Behavior and Personality, 22,81-9 . The 1979 law limits couples to one child, and is enforced throughcompulsory abortions and economic sanctions. The use of prison labor in China to manufacture good for the UnitedStates market has been, along with the Tiananmen Square crackdown, a focalpoint of moves in Congress to challenge China's most-favored-nation (MFN)trading status with the United States. Those whose resources are committed to suchproduction may be expected to oppose any policy which renders theirinvestments worthless, without compensation for their losses, regardless ofhow environmentally sound an alternative energy source may be, or howenvironmentally harmful their energy source may be. The PRC has a vast and varied educational system. Layne, C. To reach accommodation with the Congress,however, the President had to accept some governmental restrictions onUnited States-China trade continue (Brauchli & Chang, 1996, p. Energy and Environment. (Ed.). The world economy in 2 2 -the rise of China.Business Strategy Review, 6(2), 63-71. Rich, A. The dynamism of the social and political environmentswithin the country is such, however, that management must be prepared tocontinue to deal with high levels of uncertainty. Japan is an important tradingpartner with respect to both imports and exports, while Hong Kong is moreimportant to China as an outlet for its exports, and the United States ismore important as a source of imported products, particularly technology(Layne, 1996, pp. C. Currently,some 53 consumer items require import licenses, including such goods asconfectionery, tobacco products, coffee products, videotape recorders, airconditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, radio cassette recorders,televisions, cameras, watches, automobiles, motorcycles, skateboards, andcomputers (Yadong & Min, 1995, p. (1994, 21 November). The short-term policiespursued by private sector entrepreneurs, in turn, result in poor quality ofgoods and services, low-levels of investment that work against long-termgrowth and economic stability, and an increasing income inequality in thePRC. CHINA AS AN ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER. For equity jointventures, the standard national rate is 3 percent (payable to the centralauthorities), to which a local surcharge of three-percent must be added.Wholly foreign-owned firms are liable for a tax of 2 to 4 percent ofprofits as well as an additional local levy that is fixed at 1 percent ofthe national income tax. While the ease of doing business is advantageousunder countertrade agreements, and while the risk exposure of foreigners isgenerally lower than that associated with joint ventures, the potentialrewards may also be much lower. (5th ed.). Journal of Small Business Management, 34, 75-85. (1996, Winter). Dong, Q., Yang, B., & Ollendick, T. They are notallowed to conduct profit-making business activities. (1997, May). 117 ). NewYork: St. By 1988, the PRC's leading trading partners were Japan, HongKong, and the United States, in that order. Dramatic media exposes with aformer prisoner posing as a Chinese-American investor sparked publicoutrage and demands for tough sanctions against Chinese exports to theUnited States (Xing, 1996, pp. China's massive population is an economic burdenfor the country (Hsu, 1994, pp. Is Chinese conflict-handlingbehavior influenced by Chinese values? In spite of, or perhaps because of, their economic success, however,ethnic Chinese frequently are the targets of resentment in their adoptedcountries (Knecht, 1994, p. The United States has been successful in blocking Chinese membershipin the WTO. Fears inChinese children and adolescents and their relations to anxiety anddepression. percent (Hunter, 1996, p. The role of legislative and advisory organs has been somewhatstrengthened, and more non-party figures have been assignedresponsibilities" (Scalapino, 1995, p. B. This status, however, refers to gross domestic productand not to per capita gross domestic product. As Chinese trade hasimpacts external to the domestic environment of the PRC, the United Stateshas legitimate interests in pressuring the PRC to modify its economicbehavior. The United States and the PRC,however, signed a Memorandum of Understanding on intellectual propertyrights in 1992, in which the PRC pledged to upgrade its intellectualproperty rights regime by amending its patent law, joining the BerneConvention, and enacting trade secret legislation (Pierson, 1994, p. Martin's Press. 41-45). World views of white Americans, mainland Chinese, Taiwanese,and African students. The political policies being pursued in the contemporary PRC do notseem likely to lead to democracy. Y. East-west business transactions. World Bank. (1994,September). Since the tables are classified asinternal documents, however, foreigners are not allowed to see them. B. D. A major current policy effort by the government of the PRC is to gainmembership in GATT/WTO (Lardy, 1995, pp. These risks are associatedwith damage to the natural environment per se, are harmful to non-humanforms of life, and are threatening to human health and human life. Among the younger generations, the emphasis is on making money.... The most widely used energy sources in China-fossil fuels and nuclearenergy-pose significant environmental risks. (6th ed.). Conclusion The PRC is a complex and changing country. Yet there is astronger element of uncertainty on the part of these who govern"(Scalapino, 1995, p. Garnett, S. W. China's Role As An Economic Superpower As the official policy of the government of the PRC from its inceptionwas to trade with all countries, whether or not diplomatic relations hadbeen established, business entities from most countries, other than theUnited States, developed trading arrangements with China in the 195 s and196 s. Thus, while it may be assumed that the typical urban couple in the25-4 year old age group has one child, it is difficult to make anassumption about rural couples. Chinese negotiating behavior is characterized byharmony, collectivism, conformity, face, shame, and reciprocity. A government agency issues import andexport licenses as well as business licenses to trading companies.Obtaining an import license requires adherence to strict procedures. Wealth hazard . All other factors will likely never be effectively addressed;however, thus difficult decisions involving tradeoffs must be made in theselection of energy sources. While the stateownership continues to play a major role in the economy, however, the trendtoward privatization also continues. Sociological Factors. The special enterprise zone concept is a procedure by which theChinese plan to accommodate foreign business entities on Chinese soil.Overall, regardless of the specific form of business ventures involvingforeign entities, the Chinese have developed and implemented a countertradeframework within which all foreign trade must be accommodated. VII. REFERENCES. The PRC government views GATT/WTO membershipas vital to the country's modernization efforts (Evans, 1995, pp. One result is that millions of persons migrate intothe major cities annually, finding jobs and sending money to families athome. 3 9-324). B. Management in China. Erroneous conclusions frequently tend to be drawn by Americans inrelation to Chinese behavior during conflict resolution interactions.Traditional Chinese values and Chinese psychology affect Chineseperceptions and approaches to conflict resolution, and, thus, Chinesenegotiating behavior. A key element of Chinese social planning is population control.Population planning is both extensive and specific, with policies dealingwith growth, distribution, and other factors. (1995). Growth. The Bank of China facilitates and overseas the financial transactionsinvolving foreign trade. With the decline in the significance of the China-Soviet trade, therewas a dramatic rise in the significance of China-Japan trade. W., & Chang, L. 61-77). Chen, M. NewYork: Praeger Publishers. 92). Communal living and production was a part of Chinese life long beforethe arrival of socialist government. World of Banking, 14(3), 16-17). The end of communism in Asia: Whatnext? Chinese, thus, are encouraged to engage in self-cultivation to become better aligned with their culture, whereas Americanstend to emphasize individualism in personal development. Almost one-half (46. Thus, ininteractions with Americans, Chinese behavior reflecting the values ofmoderation and self-restraint can lead unprepared Americans to concludeerroneously that such behavior on the part of their Chinese counterpartsrepresents acceptance of the arguments of propositions put forward by theWesterners. ManagementAccounting, 78, 22-28. 955-967). The Bank of China is a quasi-public corporation, which is owned by thePeople's Bank of China and selected major industrial enterprises withinChina. New York:Oxford University Press. The rise of modern China. The lack of success in the ruralareas led to the policy revision discussed above, which permits ruralcouples to have a second child after four years, when the first child is agirl. 16-17). B. In the 199 s, 75.1percent of China's population resides in rural areas, 24.9 percent in urbanareas. 1-2). NewPerspectives Quarterly, 13(1), 41-45. The country'spopulation target for 2 is 1,27 , , . (1996, Spring). The coming great powers competition.World Affairs, 158(2), 63-69. A14). C. Approximately 85 percentof China's foreign trade is with GATT/WTO members, and more than 95 percentof the country's Pacific Rim foreign trade is with GATT/WTO members. Monthly Review, 48(7), 29-4 . Chinese, as an example tend to differfrom Americans within the contexts of the integration-inwardness andreputation-morality dimensions. Equity joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, and foreign wholly-owned subsidiaries are three types of foreign entry in the PRC markets(Matthews, Qin, & Franklin, 1996, p. Political Implications. Economic growth is amongthe highest in the world. Atpresent, while China has a one-party dictatorship in prescribed Leninistfashion, "all of its political institutions are fragile and a meaningfulfederal system has not yet been devised" (Scalapino, 1995, p. There is widespread indifference topolitics. Americans, by contrast, tend toward exhibition,intraception, change, and aggression, and away from deference, order,dominance, and abasement. Chinese political leaders seek, however, continue toperpetuate an aura of political correctness by referring to the economicpolicy in the PRC as one of a socialist market economy. The China Council for the promotion of international trade is chargedwith the responsibility of promoting international trade with non socialistcountries, and with commercial entities within those countries (Starr,1995, p. In the urbancenters, workers complain about the rising cost of living. There isone physician per approximately 677 persons in China, and one hospital bedper approximately 438 persons. But they havenot found a new ideological foundation to justify their right to govern.... Rather, these policies appear to beleading "toward ... 955-967). Concerns of the American government continued, however, to impede thedevelopment of United States-Chinese trade. 1-2). Compensation trade agreementsare easier to negotiate than are joint venture agreements. Starr, R. Gordon, S. While economic factorsexert an enormous influence on the selection of energy sources, thedecisions which must be made with respect to environmental and economictradeoffs are political in character, because such decisions must besocietal in scope (Xing, 1994, pp. The typicalChinese is also a relatively young person. Topic Introduction. Hsu, I. A. 64-77). Industry in particular has scored major gains,and in the years immediately following the restoration of family-tilledplots, agriculture advanced significantly. 63-69). (1994). SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS. Within the PRC, the issue of the allocation of political power must befaced by the government. 57). Business Horizons, 38, 32-36. B. Steppingtoward prosperity: The development of entrepreneurial ventures in China andRussia. International Trade. E. The purpose of the policy change was to combatinfanticide involving girl babies (Hsu, 1994, p. The total workforce in the PRC approximates 528 million, ofwhom 36.9 percent are female. With respect to PRC laws relevant to direct foreign investment, theareas of concern are limitations on local borrowing, restrictions on therepatriation of profits, export policies, pricing policies, rulespertaining to the entry of foreign firms into the economy, and marketaccess (Tsang, 1994, pp. United States Takes Strong Interest InChina's Bid To Join Trade Group. These agreementsoften provide for an exchange of Chinese raw materials for either foreignindustrial goods or foreign raw materials. Planning. Evenif China's economic dominance is restricted to East Asia, the country'sposition will pose an economic threat to the United States. Democracy and human rights: China and theWest. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and AlliedDisciplines, 35, 351-363. National Review,46, 56-59. These organizations can only represent a foreignbusiness, performing liaison and promotional functions. Equity joint ventures are limited liability companies whose profitsand losses are shared according to the proportion of investment contributedby each partner (Rich, 1996, p. Unemployment and under-employment has become a major issue in thecontemporary PRC. Ethnic Chinese also tend to be viewedwith suspicion by some people who question whether their loyalty ultimatelyis to their adopted country or to China. Implications For Management. An assessment of China's potential, thus, isjustified.Focus of the Study While both economic and political superpower status is projected forthe PRC, this study focuses on the economic context of the issue.Political considerations are addressed, however, economic issues receivegreater emphasis.Background Information The estimated population of the People's Republic of China in 1991approximated 1,11 , , (Hunter, 1996, p. 29-4 ). This action impliesthat authorities in many of the new economic zones designed to attractforeign trade and foreign investors will exercise a greater degree ofcontrol over China's foreign trade policy (Rubin, 1997, pp. 1-15) argued that the dichotomy between two centralobjectives-economic liberalization and adherence to socialist values-results in a vacillating policy toward private sector economic entitiesthat creates an environment of uncertainty in the PRC. 69-148). In the Philippines, the two-percent of the population whoare ethnic Chinese possess 7 percent of the wealth. World development report. Law and Policy in InternationalBusiness, 25(3), 1161-1185. The Four Modernizations formthe core of a development strategy, the goal of which is to transform Chinainto an advanced industrial economy by 2 . The adult literacy rate in 1992 was 86 percent (World Bank, 1996, p.178). Chang, M. Chinese culture teaches that human behavior is malleable, andpressures individuals to conform to group norms (Dong, Yang, & Ollendick,1994, pp. (1994, February). Farmers complain of highproduction costs and low prices, especially for grains. Foreign contributions must be morethan 25 percent of the registered capital, which is defined by the Ministryof Finance. Importantly, however, the "overseas Chinese" enhance China's potentialto develop as a dominant economic force (Chang, 1995, pp. Religious differences alsoseparate the ethnic Chinese from some of their neighbors. Representative offices are officially recognized bythe Chinese government. 1-15). The Planning Commission of the State Council is responsible for thedevelopment of long-range economic plans in the PRC (Hsiao, 1995, p. 56). percent. Joint ventures bring technology intoChina. 81). The PRC continues to face aformidable economic development task to raise individual and householdincome levels to a point where all persons within the economy are sharingin the overall economic gains being achieved by the country. H., Qin, X., & Franklin, G. Theconcept was first introduced in the Third Five Year Plan, which covered thetime period 1966-197 . 81-9 ). TheChinese also tend to perceive that a negotiating relationship extends pastthe point of obtaining an agreement. (1994). 34). 1-15). Ethnic Chinese in most Southeast Asian countries worry that thegovernments of those countries at some point in the future will confiscatetheir wealth (Knecht, 1994, p. A financial primer forinvestors in China. (1995, Summer). Chinesetend to be less competitive and more collaborative than are their Americancounterparts in negotiations (Chiu & Kosinski, 1994, pp. By 1959, 48 percent of China's foreign trade was withthe Soviets. The statesman's year-book: 1996-1997. CHINA'S ECONOMY. In addition to these major organizations, thereare separate foreign trading corporations. authoritarian pluralism. Political Factors. K., & Kosinski, F. have turned materialism loose. 19). R. (1995, June-July). (1996, December). 361). 57).The oft repeated contention that the outcome is a results because theethnic Chinese work harder than anyone else is the most popularexplanation. Institutions. Cooperative or contractual joint ventures may take any form agreedupon by the Chinese and foreign partners (Rich, 1996, p. 19). H. Journal of Cross Cultural-Psychology, 25, 3 9-324. Yadong L., & Min C. Extended families in China tend to live within the samehousehold, particularly in the rural areas, but to a great extent also inurban areas. Hsiao, G. (1996, July). In a major policy change, the PRC is decentralizingmuch of the country's economic power affecting foreign trade to providegreater decision-making authority to the provinces. percent; thecomparable figure for the industrial economies is 1. Chinese tend to viewnature as controllable, while Westerners tend to hold an opposing opinion. 29-4 ). Chiu, R. For the most part, however, the PRC government wanted tocontinue its economic interaction with other countries, and, as the eventsof the summer of 1989 were pushed out of the public mind outside China bythe Gulf War of 1991, economic recession, and American and British generalelections, the trading climate between the PRC and other countriesreturned generally to pre-Tienamen conditions. Almost equally massive internalmigration is exacerbating the economic problems, and is contributing to thedevelopment of serious environmental problems. In turn, accordingto this argument, this environment of uncertainty fosters bureaucraticharassment of business and motivates private sector business entities tooperate only from a short-term perspective. Sodowsky, G. Massive economic and physical resources are already committed to someforms of energy production. B. After absorbing Hong Kong in 1997,China will be the world's fourth largest exporter and its continuedexclusion from world trade rules would lead to a deepening of complexbilateral arrangements (Niblett, 1995, p. Focus of the Study. While profits are shared according to thepercentage of ownership, business decisions are made equally by allpartners-regardless of ownership proportion between Chinese and foreignpartners. ForeignAffairs, 76(2), 61-77. Asian Survey, 35(1 ), 879-895. Background Information. References Brauchli, M. Xing, L. (1995, July-August). The Pro-Democracy uprising in Beijing in 1989 and the PRC government'scrushing of that uprising before the television cameras of the world ledthe Chinese government to temporarily suspend some of its economicreadjustments, and to generally slow down the pace of economic reform inthe country. These smaller organizations maybe license holders which are permitted to do business with foreignentities, or they may be the Chinese participants in joint ventures (Starr,1995, p. A. The country'sacademic elite has also been required to comply with the Chinese CommunistParty's four cardinal principles, which are to uphold socialism, uphold thedictatorship of the proletariat, uphold the leadership of the ChineseCommunist Party, and uphold Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Thought (Gordon, 1995,pp. Sociological and Cultural Factors Life expectancy at birth in China is 61 years (World Bank, 1996, p.178). K. (1994). 63-71).Near-term membership, however, is far from certain. The modernizations areagriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Allother factors effectively addressed, it is to be supposed that everyonewould favor obtaining energy from sources which were not environmentallyharmful. New York: OxfordUniversity Press. A. Congressional Quarterly [Electronic], 1-2. Four legal structures govern foreign participation in the contemporaryeconomy of the PRC (Tsang, 1994, pp. D. Females account for 51.6percent of China's population, males 48.4 percent. By the fall of 1991, mostnon-Chinese firms had overcome the fears induced by the suppression of theuprising, and were once again desirous of doing business with China (Layne,1996, pp. Pierson, M. Normally, foreign equity contributions must be in the form ofhard working-capital currency. 56). Many other peoplewould oppose compensation under such circumstances. Politics remainsauthoritarian, with political choice limited, freedoms restricted, and lawfrequently subordinated to the will of the governors. The law was revised in 1988to permit peasant couples to have a second child after four years, if firstchild is a girl. CONCLUSION.VIII. The number of under-employed and unemployed is estimatedat approximately 2 million in the rural areas, and these numbers areexpected to increase. WTO Membership. Fifteen years ago,almost 85 percent of the Chinese resided in rural areas. (1995, Fall). 64-77). During the 195 s, Chinese foreign trade was heavily oriented towardthe Soviet Union. POLITICAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURES IN CHINA. the appeal to nationalism helps to fill the ideological void ....China's current leaders ... (1994, February). Lardy, N. This practice causes further resentmentamong their neighbors, as well as tending to alienate the governments onwhose good behavior they are counting. Superpower status-botheconomic and political-is widely projected for the country.Justification For the Study The PRC is increasingly perceived as the country most likely to beable to effectively challenge the United States for global leadership(Rubin, 1997, pp. D. Although the industrial enterprises are cooperative ventures, theyare considered by the Chinese to be separate from the government apparatus. (1996, August). A. Certainly, the average is more than onechild, although how much more is not known. 19). B. 351-363). Jisi, W. III. A problem facing both the United States and the WTO, however, is howto incorporate China into the system. Integrating China into the worldeconomy. The PRC requires all trade to be approved by licensed tradingcompanies (Rich, 1996, p. A turnover tax applies to both domestic and foreign firms and consistsmainly of a value-added tax (VAT), with the standard VAT rate fixed at 17percent (Yadong & Min, 1995, p. Doing business in China. Social and political values pose a problem in the contemporary PRC.The efforts "at indoctrination go forward-in schools, militaryinstallations, bureaucratic branches, and all other organizations. The ethnic Chinese themselves, however, suggest simply thatthey are more single-minded in pursuing their goals, and that they aremotivated less by religion and other abstract ideas about how life shouldbe led than by the pragmatic imperative of providing for their families. The child death rate (age -to-1 year) is 2. Tsang, E. The balance of trade. These jobs, and the equally important task of diversifying thecountryside economically, require high rates of growth. H.

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